Gen Z and millennials are drinking less. Baby boomers are getting sloshed.Baby boomers are increasingly spending on alcohol and bar outings, contrasting with younger generations who are drinking less.
Baby boomers overtake Millennials in buying the most housesBaby boomers have become the largest demographic of home buyers in the U.S., outpacing millennials.
Millennials and Boomers Are More Confident than Gen X About Retirement - Why?Millennials and Baby Boomers are more confident about retirement than Gen X.
Is the biggest factor to financial freedom actually just generational wealth?Generational wealth transfer impacts financial success, yet financial literacy is crucial for sustaining that wealth across generations.
Many Boomers Hesitant to Transfer Wealth: Charles Schwab | EntrepreneurBoomers prefer to use their wealth for enjoyment during their lifetime, unlike younger generations who lean towards wealth sharing.
Gen Z and millennials are drinking less. Baby boomers are getting sloshed.Baby boomers are increasingly spending on alcohol and bar outings, contrasting with younger generations who are drinking less.
Baby boomers overtake Millennials in buying the most housesBaby boomers have become the largest demographic of home buyers in the U.S., outpacing millennials.
Millennials and Boomers Are More Confident than Gen X About Retirement - Why?Millennials and Baby Boomers are more confident about retirement than Gen X.
Is the biggest factor to financial freedom actually just generational wealth?Generational wealth transfer impacts financial success, yet financial literacy is crucial for sustaining that wealth across generations.
Many Boomers Hesitant to Transfer Wealth: Charles Schwab | EntrepreneurBoomers prefer to use their wealth for enjoyment during their lifetime, unlike younger generations who lean towards wealth sharing.
Marketing To Millennials And The Six Common Traits Across The SegmentMillennials are a dominant consumer force, especially influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Charts: Global Consumer Views on TariffsTariffs are generally viewed negatively by consumers in the BCG survey.
Marketing To Millennials And The Six Common Traits Across The SegmentMillennials are a dominant consumer force, especially influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Charts: Global Consumer Views on TariffsTariffs are generally viewed negatively by consumers in the BCG survey.
Nearly Half of UK Investors Are Under 30, with Gen Z Favouring Crypto and Millennials Prioritising Ethical Investments43% of UK investors are under 30, signaling a generational shift in investment behaviors.
How young investors are shaping the future of the UK stock market - London Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.comYoung investors are reshaping the UK's financial landscape by actively engaging in equities and innovative investment platforms.
Young Australian voters: tell us what issues you care about at the federal electionThe 2025 federal election will see nearly half of voters coming from Generation Z and millennials.
Ian O'Doherty: Abandoned, betrayed, ignored and left behind, the people of Ireland are angryGenerational criticisms are more pronounced today, with each group judging the next for perceived weaknesses.
I Mentor First-Time Entrepreneurs - These Are the 4 Unseen Benefits I Gained By Giving Back | EntrepreneurGen Z and millennials exhibit higher entrepreneurial optimism; however, they often lack vital mentorship as they pursue business endeavors.
Nearly Half of UK Investors Are Under 30, with Gen Z Favouring Crypto and Millennials Prioritising Ethical Investments43% of UK investors are under 30, signaling a generational shift in investment behaviors.
How young investors are shaping the future of the UK stock market - London Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.comYoung investors are reshaping the UK's financial landscape by actively engaging in equities and innovative investment platforms.
Young Australian voters: tell us what issues you care about at the federal electionThe 2025 federal election will see nearly half of voters coming from Generation Z and millennials.
Ian O'Doherty: Abandoned, betrayed, ignored and left behind, the people of Ireland are angryGenerational criticisms are more pronounced today, with each group judging the next for perceived weaknesses.
I Mentor First-Time Entrepreneurs - These Are the 4 Unseen Benefits I Gained By Giving Back | EntrepreneurGen Z and millennials exhibit higher entrepreneurial optimism; however, they often lack vital mentorship as they pursue business endeavors.
Millennials are finally buying homes. It may not pay off for them in the long run.Millennials face significant barriers to homeownership due to the housing market's downturn after the 2008 crisis.
I'm sick of America and can't afford it anyway - I bought my dream-home in Italy for just under $40KLauren Scott, frustrated by rising housing costs in the US, sought affordable housing in Italy, ultimately buying a home for $34,905.
11 top cities for young people, thanks to falling rent and ample social activitiesRents are skyrocketing in major cities due to return-to-office mandates and high mortgage rates limiting young people's buying options.
5 lessons we learned at the HW Economic Summit and why we consider it a must attend'The housing market is stabilizing, presenting opportunities for growth if lenders prepare for increased demand.Housing inventory is evolving, particularly driven by millennials as first-time buyers rather than traditional seller-buyer dynamics.
Breaking: Housing Is Expensive, Homeownership Trends And Breaking It Down By Age. Boston Condos For Sale Ford RealtyMillennials continue to drive homeownership despite obstacles like high prices and interest rates.Demographic and economic changes are leading to a shift toward increased renting, especially among younger Americans.
The homes renters never want to leave: 3-bedroom houses for rent are the Goldilocks of housingRising home prices and inventory constraints are causing renters to stay in rented homes long-term, often for 10 years or more.
Millennials are finally buying homes. It may not pay off for them in the long run.Millennials face significant barriers to homeownership due to the housing market's downturn after the 2008 crisis.
I'm sick of America and can't afford it anyway - I bought my dream-home in Italy for just under $40KLauren Scott, frustrated by rising housing costs in the US, sought affordable housing in Italy, ultimately buying a home for $34,905.
11 top cities for young people, thanks to falling rent and ample social activitiesRents are skyrocketing in major cities due to return-to-office mandates and high mortgage rates limiting young people's buying options.
5 lessons we learned at the HW Economic Summit and why we consider it a must attend'The housing market is stabilizing, presenting opportunities for growth if lenders prepare for increased demand.Housing inventory is evolving, particularly driven by millennials as first-time buyers rather than traditional seller-buyer dynamics.
Breaking: Housing Is Expensive, Homeownership Trends And Breaking It Down By Age. Boston Condos For Sale Ford RealtyMillennials continue to drive homeownership despite obstacles like high prices and interest rates.Demographic and economic changes are leading to a shift toward increased renting, especially among younger Americans.
The homes renters never want to leave: 3-bedroom houses for rent are the Goldilocks of housingRising home prices and inventory constraints are causing renters to stay in rented homes long-term, often for 10 years or more.
This Just In: Plushies Are the Freakier Trend Gen Z is Dumping Bag Charms ForHandbag plushie charms are a trendy accessory for Gen Z and millennials, symbolizing nostalgia and childhood whimsy.
Can Bella Hadid Bring Back The Most Controversial Millennial Hairstyle?The 'bump it' hairstyle from the late 2000s is making a comeback, symbolizing a blend of nostalgia and contemporary trends.
Exclusive | NYC entrepreneur's inflation-era side hustle suddenly a seven-figure business - creating chic diaper bags for trendy UES momsAlexandra Rutkay launched a successful designer diaper bag brand, Citymouse, reflecting a growing trend of millennial entrepreneurs amidst economic challenges.
Kylie Jenner Exposed Her Navel With The TikTok-Approved "Gen Z Tuck" & I'm A ConvertFashion trends are creating a divide between millennials and Gen Z, particularly in how they style clothing.
Sure, White Trainers Are Timeless, But These Statement Pairs Are Much More NowTrainers have shifted from practical footwear to statement pieces in fashion trends.
This Just In: Plushies Are the Freakier Trend Gen Z is Dumping Bag Charms ForHandbag plushie charms are a trendy accessory for Gen Z and millennials, symbolizing nostalgia and childhood whimsy.
Can Bella Hadid Bring Back The Most Controversial Millennial Hairstyle?The 'bump it' hairstyle from the late 2000s is making a comeback, symbolizing a blend of nostalgia and contemporary trends.
Exclusive | NYC entrepreneur's inflation-era side hustle suddenly a seven-figure business - creating chic diaper bags for trendy UES momsAlexandra Rutkay launched a successful designer diaper bag brand, Citymouse, reflecting a growing trend of millennial entrepreneurs amidst economic challenges.
Kylie Jenner Exposed Her Navel With The TikTok-Approved "Gen Z Tuck" & I'm A ConvertFashion trends are creating a divide between millennials and Gen Z, particularly in how they style clothing.
Sure, White Trainers Are Timeless, But These Statement Pairs Are Much More NowTrainers have shifted from practical footwear to statement pieces in fashion trends.
Younger shoppers are shaking up grocery produce aisles: reportGrocers must adapt to the influence of social media on produce shopping habits, particularly among younger generations.
How Social Media Is Shaping Travel Planning and BookingSocial media significantly influences travel decisions for Gen Z and Millennials.57% of respondents trust social media for high-priced travel bookings.
America's Christian identity is fadingThe U.S. is seeing a decline in Christianity, particularly among younger generations, according to a new Pew study.
Noughties Fashion Is Hard to Beat-These 8 It Buys Are Making an Unexpected Comeback in 2025Noughties fashion is making a strong comeback, appealing to both nostalgia and new fans alike.
How to Invest in ArtYounger generations are transforming the art market by investing on modest budgets, prioritizing enjoyment and support for artists over investment potential.
America's birth rate is falling. Here's how many kids Americans have vs. how many they want.The US birth rate is at a historic low due to rising costs and delayed parenthood among millennials and Gen Z.
Younger shoppers are shaking up grocery produce aisles: reportGrocers must adapt to the influence of social media on produce shopping habits, particularly among younger generations.
How Social Media Is Shaping Travel Planning and BookingSocial media significantly influences travel decisions for Gen Z and Millennials.57% of respondents trust social media for high-priced travel bookings.
America's Christian identity is fadingThe U.S. is seeing a decline in Christianity, particularly among younger generations, according to a new Pew study.
Noughties Fashion Is Hard to Beat-These 8 It Buys Are Making an Unexpected Comeback in 2025Noughties fashion is making a strong comeback, appealing to both nostalgia and new fans alike.
How to Invest in ArtYounger generations are transforming the art market by investing on modest budgets, prioritizing enjoyment and support for artists over investment potential.
America's birth rate is falling. Here's how many kids Americans have vs. how many they want.The US birth rate is at a historic low due to rising costs and delayed parenthood among millennials and Gen Z.
3 ETFs Every Millennial Should Buy and Hold ForeverMillennial investors should favor stocks over bonds to maximize long-term growth.Investing in ETFs like VUG can aid in achieving retirement goals.
How I Plan to Invest $72K Gifted by My Grandparents for a Secure Financial FutureThe Great Wealth Transfer may lead to significant financial changes for Millennials as they inherit and invest wealth from previous generations.
At 35 I should know more about my Roth IRA than I do, but am risk-averse and worried about retirementDon't worry about retirement at 35; focus on saving and investing instead.
Buffett Backed Investment Keeps Beating Hedge Funds, Wall Street, and Most Everyone ElseWarren Buffett's endorsement of the S&P 500 correlates with a strong investment trend among Gen-Z and Millennials.
I'm only 25 but am making $500k per year - is $7 million a reasonable retirement goal?A $7 million retirement is feasible for someone making $500,000 if they live below their means.
3 ETFs Every Millennial Should Buy and Hold ForeverMillennial investors should favor stocks over bonds to maximize long-term growth.Investing in ETFs like VUG can aid in achieving retirement goals.
How I Plan to Invest $72K Gifted by My Grandparents for a Secure Financial FutureThe Great Wealth Transfer may lead to significant financial changes for Millennials as they inherit and invest wealth from previous generations.
At 35 I should know more about my Roth IRA than I do, but am risk-averse and worried about retirementDon't worry about retirement at 35; focus on saving and investing instead.
Buffett Backed Investment Keeps Beating Hedge Funds, Wall Street, and Most Everyone ElseWarren Buffett's endorsement of the S&P 500 correlates with a strong investment trend among Gen-Z and Millennials.
I'm only 25 but am making $500k per year - is $7 million a reasonable retirement goal?A $7 million retirement is feasible for someone making $500,000 if they live below their means.
Millennials Have 'Phantom Wealth' but May Not Feel as RichMillennials have significant net worth growth, but feel financially insecure due to inflation and illiquid assets.
4 Financial Benefits Millennials Got that Future Generations Will Likely Never See AgainMillennials had specific financial advantages, such as lower home prices and tuition costs, compared to younger generations.
Millennials Have 'Phantom Wealth' but May Not Feel as RichMillennials have significant net worth growth, but feel financially insecure due to inflation and illiquid assets.
4 Financial Benefits Millennials Got that Future Generations Will Likely Never See AgainMillennials had specific financial advantages, such as lower home prices and tuition costs, compared to younger generations.
How a British Dad Made Comedy Gold Imagining Two Toddlers ChattingGeorge Lewis successfully transitioned from a struggling comic to a celebrated parenting comedian by sharing relatable experiences from his life as a dad.
What We Can Learn From The Chaotic Parents Of '90s TVTelevision, through chaotic parental characters, influenced millennials in navigating their formative years, providing both lessons and a sense of empowerment.
Millennial parents are putting an end to this core childhood memory: 'Never doing this'Millennials are shocked that sleepovers, a nostalgic childhood experience, are being discontinued by modern parents due to safety concerns.
How a British Dad Made Comedy Gold Imagining Two Toddlers ChattingGeorge Lewis successfully transitioned from a struggling comic to a celebrated parenting comedian by sharing relatable experiences from his life as a dad.
What We Can Learn From The Chaotic Parents Of '90s TVTelevision, through chaotic parental characters, influenced millennials in navigating their formative years, providing both lessons and a sense of empowerment.
Millennial parents are putting an end to this core childhood memory: 'Never doing this'Millennials are shocked that sleepovers, a nostalgic childhood experience, are being discontinued by modern parents due to safety concerns.
Luxury consumers are still willing to spend, with younger ones leading the wayLuxury consumers demonstrate resilience, with 72.6% planning to sustain or increase spending despite economic challenges.
Renters ought to target this kind of home for a better dealSingle-family home rents are rising significantly, causing affordability issues for renters.Millennials are increasingly unable to purchase homes, leading them to stay renters longer.
Will Generation Z and the millennials ever be able to afford to retire at all? Yes - and here's howThe housing crisis in Ireland significantly impacts young people's financial futures, making pension savings seem futile.
Roisin Lanigan: I moved to London and got bedbugs'Roisin Lanigan's debut novel reinterprets the haunted house genre for millennials navigating the modern rental market.
Renters ought to target this kind of home for a better dealSingle-family home rents are rising significantly, causing affordability issues for renters.Millennials are increasingly unable to purchase homes, leading them to stay renters longer.
Will Generation Z and the millennials ever be able to afford to retire at all? Yes - and here's howThe housing crisis in Ireland significantly impacts young people's financial futures, making pension savings seem futile.
Roisin Lanigan: I moved to London and got bedbugs'Roisin Lanigan's debut novel reinterprets the haunted house genre for millennials navigating the modern rental market.
Millennial moms want more kids - they just can't afford themEconomic pressures are causing Millennials to have fewer children than desired.
4 Financial Tidal Waves That Could Unexpectedly Crush MillennialsMillennials are grappling with severe financial challenges largely due to student debt and stagnant wages.
Millennial moms want more kids - they just can't afford themEconomic pressures are causing Millennials to have fewer children than desired.
4 Financial Tidal Waves That Could Unexpectedly Crush MillennialsMillennials are grappling with severe financial challenges largely due to student debt and stagnant wages.
Opinion | The Share of Religious Americans Will Continue to DeclineMillennials and their offspring are likely to contribute to the decline of American Christianity.
11 Millennial Habits That Boomers Think Are Quite LazyMillennials prioritize work-life balance and flexibility over the traditional grind mentality of previous generations.
One Generation Is Dominating The Cruise Market, And It Isn't Boomers - IslandsMillennials are now the largest demographic in the cruise market, surpassing boomers.
11 Millennial Habits That Boomers Think Are Quite LazyMillennials prioritize work-life balance and flexibility over the traditional grind mentality of previous generations.
One Generation Is Dominating The Cruise Market, And It Isn't Boomers - IslandsMillennials are now the largest demographic in the cruise market, surpassing boomers.
Want to fix agencies? Simply replace most millennials with Gen ZThe advertising industry needs to skip a generation, specifically Millennials, to reclaim its creativity and cultural impact.
Stream It Or Skip It: 'The Z-Suite' on Tubi, where Lauren Graham is a Gen X ad executive forced out by a team of ZoomersThe Tubi comedy 'The Z-Suite' humorously highlights a generational disconnect in understanding and marketing to Gen Z.
Want to fix agencies? Simply replace most millennials with Gen ZThe advertising industry needs to skip a generation, specifically Millennials, to reclaim its creativity and cultural impact.
Stream It Or Skip It: 'The Z-Suite' on Tubi, where Lauren Graham is a Gen X ad executive forced out by a team of ZoomersThe Tubi comedy 'The Z-Suite' humorously highlights a generational disconnect in understanding and marketing to Gen Z.
What Were Your "Grandma's House Movies"?Sentimental memories of childhood films watched exclusively at Grandma's house resonate with Millennials.
Woman's nostalgic point about how old social media has changed goes viralNostalgia for the early days of Instagram has sparked a viral conversation on social media, reflecting a simpler time of user interactions.
20 Things Millennials Did On The Internet That Would Make Absolutely No Sense To Teens TodayMillennials reflect on a seemingly simpler, more vibrant internet experience of the late '90s and early '00s compared to today's bleak online landscape.
Do College Kids Still "Go Out"? One Millennial Relives Early 00s Party LifeNostalgia for the 2000s party culture highlights significant changes in social behavior among today's younger generations.
What Were Your "Grandma's House Movies"?Sentimental memories of childhood films watched exclusively at Grandma's house resonate with Millennials.
Woman's nostalgic point about how old social media has changed goes viralNostalgia for the early days of Instagram has sparked a viral conversation on social media, reflecting a simpler time of user interactions.
20 Things Millennials Did On The Internet That Would Make Absolutely No Sense To Teens TodayMillennials reflect on a seemingly simpler, more vibrant internet experience of the late '90s and early '00s compared to today's bleak online landscape.
Do College Kids Still "Go Out"? One Millennial Relives Early 00s Party LifeNostalgia for the 2000s party culture highlights significant changes in social behavior among today's younger generations.
Too Little, Too Late? The Reality of Millennials Trying to Catch Up on Retirement SavingsMany millennials feel behind in saving for retirement and face challenges unlike previous generations.
I Used to Think Side Hustles Were Just a Fad, But These 10 Opportunities Proved Me WrongThe gig economy is increasingly crucial as young adults engage in side hustles to supplement their income.
Too Little, Too Late? The Reality of Millennials Trying to Catch Up on Retirement SavingsMany millennials feel behind in saving for retirement and face challenges unlike previous generations.
I Used to Think Side Hustles Were Just a Fad, But These 10 Opportunities Proved Me WrongThe gig economy is increasingly crucial as young adults engage in side hustles to supplement their income.
Millennials With $1 Million Saved Are Missing The 'Second Income' Banks Will Pay Them TodayHigh-yield savings accounts can significantly grow savings, earning up to 4% on $1 million, translating to a potential second income.Investments in stocks and crypto might offer better returns than high-yield savings accounts, especially in bullish markets.
Has Phoenix become a major tech hub in the US?Phoenix is emerging as a significant tech hub, showcasing rapid job and salary growth.
Millennials hit by pay squeeze as wages drop to lowest level in almost a year - London Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.comMillennials are experiencing the largest wage decline of any generation, with a pay squeeze impacting their economic stability and opportunities.
Has Phoenix become a major tech hub in the US?Phoenix is emerging as a significant tech hub, showcasing rapid job and salary growth.
Millennials hit by pay squeeze as wages drop to lowest level in almost a year - London Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.comMillennials are experiencing the largest wage decline of any generation, with a pay squeeze impacting their economic stability and opportunities.
Millennials have a terrifying new job: being full-time adultsMillennials are embracing adult responsibilities, moving past the stereotype of arrested development.
I bought my first house in Florida. I would've been better off if I'd done these 5 things beforehand.Homeownership in Florida comes with limited insurance options and unexpected costs.
Why Aftercare Makes Having Sex Much More AppealingPost-sex care significantly enhances intimacy and communication in romantic relationships.
Acura Introduces the 2025 ADX: A Compact SUV Built for the Next Generation | stupidDOPEAcura is launching the 2025 ADX, a compact luxury SUV aimed at younger buyers with premium features and competitive pricing.
How to grow your career once you're at a company you likeAdvancing within your current company might be smarter than applying elsewhere.
Millennials: Ask These 3 Questions Before Envisioning Your Dream RetirementStart planning for retirement early, especially during economic fluctuations.Focus on building an inflation-proof savings strategy with the help of financial advisors.
What's The Most Expensive Drink You Can Order On The Starbucks App? - Tasting TableStarbucks drink customization can lead to exorbitant prices, with one drink costing over $46 before taxes.Inflation has significantly affected coffee prices, with a 49% increase since 2020.
Millennials: Ask These 3 Questions Before Envisioning Your Dream RetirementStart planning for retirement early, especially during economic fluctuations.Focus on building an inflation-proof savings strategy with the help of financial advisors.
What's The Most Expensive Drink You Can Order On The Starbucks App? - Tasting TableStarbucks drink customization can lead to exorbitant prices, with one drink costing over $46 before taxes.Inflation has significantly affected coffee prices, with a 49% increase since 2020.
These 3 millennials didn't wait until 65 to stop working - here's why they 'mini-retired' firstMini-retirement is a growing trend among millennials, allowing them to pause their careers for personal reflection and rejuvenation.
Millennials are running into a parenting paradoxMany millennial women prioritize career before motherhood, causing them to delay having children until their 30s.
These 3 millennials didn't wait until 65 to stop working - here's why they 'mini-retired' firstMini-retirement is a growing trend among millennials, allowing them to pause their careers for personal reflection and rejuvenation.
Millennials are running into a parenting paradoxMany millennial women prioritize career before motherhood, causing them to delay having children until their 30s.
I don't give gifts or money at weddings anymore. I have no regrets, and my friends appreciate me regardless.Attending weddings without giving gifts has become a personal decision influenced by financial considerations and changing cultural norms.
The architecture of holidays: White Lotus and the myth of the resortWhite Lotus cleverly transforms the vacation narrative into a center of gravity for modern viewers.
I'm in my early 30's and seeing people have nice cars and houses and I don't understand how to get there financiallySocial media creates unrealistic comparisons, leading individuals to feel inadequate about their own lives.
I'm Fighting For My Life In The Comments & It Feels GreatEngaging in online debates can pull one unexpectedly into heated discussions, breaking the ideals of 'lurking' and anonymity common among elder millennials.
This will be the year that Guinness loses its cool. Cheers to that! | Lauren O'NeillGuinness popularity is declining due to overexposure, similar to past trends like Aperol spritzes and truffle dishes.
I'm in my early 30's and seeing people have nice cars and houses and I don't understand how to get there financiallySocial media creates unrealistic comparisons, leading individuals to feel inadequate about their own lives.
I'm Fighting For My Life In The Comments & It Feels GreatEngaging in online debates can pull one unexpectedly into heated discussions, breaking the ideals of 'lurking' and anonymity common among elder millennials.
This will be the year that Guinness loses its cool. Cheers to that! | Lauren O'NeillGuinness popularity is declining due to overexposure, similar to past trends like Aperol spritzes and truffle dishes.
The 10 best cities in America for digital nomadsDigital nomadism has surged post-Covid, with over 10% of Americans participating, primarily among younger generations.
The Best Non-Alcoholic Wines, According to ExpertsThe popularity of non-alcoholic wine is rising as consumers, especially millennials, seek NA alternatives to traditional alcoholic beverages.
Millennials Could Make an Extra $6,000 in 2025Millennials are struggling with savings, reflecting a broader financial literacy issue.
It's a job, and a tough one': the pain and privilege of being a millennial caregiverAndrew Rahal, a millennial, has dedicated his life to caregiving for his grandmother Elo, who suffers from advanced Alzheimer's disease.
Revisit Pop-Up Video: The VH1 Series That Reinvented Music Videos & Pop CulturePop-Up Video revitalized VH1 by merging music videos with engaging trivia format.
If You Score Over 10 On This "Twilight" Knowledge Quiz, You're Better Than The Average MillennialThe Twilight series continues to resonate with Millennials, offering nostalgia and an opportunity for engagement through quizzes and discussions.
Revisit Pop-Up Video: The VH1 Series That Reinvented Music Videos & Pop CulturePop-Up Video revitalized VH1 by merging music videos with engaging trivia format.
If You Score Over 10 On This "Twilight" Knowledge Quiz, You're Better Than The Average MillennialThe Twilight series continues to resonate with Millennials, offering nostalgia and an opportunity for engagement through quizzes and discussions.