The word umwelt comes from biology, coined by ethologists studying animals in their natural habitats. It refers to the world as an organism can perceive it, based entirely on its sensory equipment. A bat's umwelt is built from echo. A dog's from scent. A tick's world is dominated by a single chemical cue that tells it when to drop from a branch onto a passing mammal.
It is easy to be good in a good world. What is difficult is to be good in an evil world, where the egoism of others and the egoism built into the institutions of society attack us and threaten to annihilate us. Under such conditions, the only possible reaction would seem to be to oppose evil with evil, egoism with egoism, hate with hate; in short, to annihilate the aggressor with his own weapons.
We spend one-third of our lives asleep. This biological fact is something that, with time and technology, is less and less taken for granted. In many science fiction stories, the future of sleep is cozy and idyllic - an elevated state living within dream world. In others, sleep is more of an evolutionary shackle that gets in the way of productivity. The latter focuses on questions that haunt anyone who feels there are not enough hours in the day. What if we didn't have to sleep?
Two years ago, I started learning Japanese on Duolingo. At first, the daily accrual of vocabulary was fun. Every lesson earned me experience points a little reward that measured and reinforced my progress. But something odd happened. Over time, my focus shifted. As I climbed the weekly leaderboards, I found myself favouring lessons that offered the most points for the least effort.
Are heroes real, or are they simply stories we tell ourselves? Either heroes are objectively real-brave people who perform extraordinary acts of courage and sacrifice-or heroism is merely in our heads, a social construction shaped by culture, media, and wishful thinking. This debate shows up everywhere: in classrooms, in popular culture, and even among scholars who study heroism for a living.
When I was learning multiplication, my father showed me the "rule of 9." Multiply any number by 9, he said, and then add together the digits of the product, and you will always land on 9. 9 × 2 = 18 → 1 + 8 = 9 9 × 3 = 27 → 2 + 7 = 9 9 × 12 = 108 → 1 + 0 + 8 = 9 Every time, the addition came back to 9. It stimulated my curiosity.
In another, adapted from Theodore Parker, a 19th-century abolitionist preacher, Dr. King points to another aspect of his dream. King writes, "The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice." The first quote points to individual behavior, the second toward social action. Dr. King didn't emphasize one approach over the other. For him, personal and social morality were of a piece. A good world is one that is both kind and just.
Her father, a chef, took her to the kitchen. He filled three pots with water and placed each on a high fire. Once the three pots began to boil, he placed potatoes in one pot, eggs in the second pot, and ground coffee beans in the third pot. He then let them sit and boil, without saying a word to his daughter. The daughter, moaned and impatiently waited, wondering what he was doing.
Tis the season to occupy oneself in eating and drinking like there's no tomorrow, in the wonderful warmth of friends and family, remembering those who are no longer with us and locking eyes as we toast to the river of time and the year to come. Some will go to Mass, many to buy presents, and almost none of us will think for even a moment of that unknown land between this world and the next.
Regular mindfulness practice has been linked to many positive health benefits, including reduced stress and anxiety, better sleep and quicker healing after injury and illness. Mindfulness can help us to be present in a distracted world and to feel more at home in our bodies, and in our lives. There are many different types of meditation. Some mindfulness practices ask meditators simply to sit with whatever thoughts, sensations or emotions arise without immediately reacting to them.
As the year ends, the reflection impulse kicks in. We scroll through photos, scan our calendars, take stock. How was your year? The question seems simple enough. But watch what happens when you try to answer it. First come the flashes: a vacation, an argument, a project completed, a relationship ended. Images without order. Then comes the verdict: good year, bad year, somewhere in between. We move from scattered impressions to summary judgment, often skipping everything in between.
How did Rousseau's outlook work its way into Kant's moral philosophy? If for Rousseau, it is by following the "general will" that we can be said to be free; for Kant, it is by obeying those moral laws that we would will as universal laws. Moral laws that we would will as universal laws are given not by our individual will but by our rational will, which we have in common with all other rational beings.
They're all part of the new strain of Mormon mania sweeping American culture. When I asked "Real Housewives of Salt Lake City" star Heather Gay about the phenomenon last week, she called it "undeniable and crazy." "I just think that the Mormon moment is because we're taking over, we're industrial, we're enterprising," Gay said. Two percent of the US population self-identifies as members of the Church of Latter-day Saints, but they've dominated our screens and conversations in 2025 like never before.
Every January, millions of people make resolutions. By February, most have abandoned them. The failure rate, depending on which study you cite, hovers around 80 percent. We know this. We've lived it. Yet each year we return to the same strategies: be more specific, start smaller, find an accountability partner, track your progress. These aren't bad suggestions. But they miss something fundamental about how psychological change actually works.
But the relationship ends badly for the human partner, who discovers that he was never the true beloved but merely a rung on a ladder. He was useful only for a time, destined from the outset to be discarded once the machine's ascent to something higher required it. This summary describes the plot of two films released within a year of each other: Alex Garland's Ex Machina (2014) and Spike Jonze's Her (2013).
When the lord of the people abandons the law and relies on himself to govern, then punishments and rewards as well as firings and hirings will arise out of the lord's heart. If this is the case, then those who receive rewards, even if appropriate, will always expect more, and those who receive punishments, even if appropriate, will ceaselessly expect leniency. When the lord abandons the law and relies on his heart to make judgments
Although there are always some philosophical assumptions behind this conclusion, it's an assumption that isn't contradicted by anything we've ever measured under any conditions: not with human senses, not with laboratory equipment, not with telescopes or observatories, not under the influence of nature alone nor with specific human intervention. Reality exists, and our scientific description of that reality came about precisely because those measurements, conducted anywhere or at any time, is consistent with that very description of reality itself.
A few weeks ago, I asked 10,000 people this question and got thousands of replies back. Some, of course, were funny: "A job," "Some money," and a "girlfriend." Some were predictably context-appropriate: "An unanswerable question," "Time to think," and "A deep conversation." Others were oddly mundane: "Socks," "A mug," or a "book." When Diego said "a comb," I think he was getting personal. (You can find the best of the rest over on Substack.)
When I look at the shrimp on the platter, I don't see odd food anymore but, rather, individuals. Creatures piled on a platter, their black eyes still visible, their segmented, armored bodies intact. It's also a contrast to how we usually consume meat-the animal processed, the individual disappearing. Not so in the case of these shrimps. But that's only part of the explanation for my change in attitude
The nervousness of democrats before this epistemic crisis is partly based on a widespread assumption that the idea of democracy depends on the value of truth. But even this assumption has a cost. Sadly, the democratic tendency to overemphasise the value of truth enters into conflict with other democratic demands. This leads us into contradictions that become fodder for the enemies of open societies.
Since the large-scale expansion of the Russo-Ukrainian war in February 2022, Russian citizens have become increasingly isolated from the Western world. Within their own country, conditions have grown more authoritarian, with dissenting political voices and independent media largely silenced. Protecting the names and identities of its interviewees, this animated short documentary gives Russians a rare chance to speak with unguarded honesty about how the war has changed their lives, as well as how they view their homeland in its wake.
In previous posts, I argued that empathy, expressed in different ways-as feelings of compassion, an abhorrence of cruelty, and a wider circle of concern-is the core of a liberal worldview and a liberal political philosophy. I added, however, several important caveats: Liberals are not always empathic, conservatives are not always callous, and policies animated by empathy are not always wise.
How do words get their meanings? Why does the string of letters (and sounds) "d-o-g" mean "dog" and "c-a-t" mean "cat"? For the most part, meanings are conventions: A group of people (like speakers of a given language) agree that "d-o-g" refers to one type of animal and "c-a-t" refers to another. Other than a few words like "woof" or "ding dong" that sound like what they mean, there's usually no inherent relation between the sounds and the objects they denote. That's why "dog" is "chien" in French and "gǒu" in Mandarin Chinese.
I'm talking to my friend Nick, guy to guy, thirty-three stories above Boston in a swank eating establishment known as the Bay Tower Room. Seated among stiff Brahmin lawyers, Nick wears a spiffy blue blazer and a somewhat psychedelic holiday tie, a beacon of his foppish charm. He's a Renaissance mana pianist, computer genius, primo baseball player, amateur astronomer, lady-killer. And he's eight years old.
The American Philosophical Association is pleased to announce the following 22 prizes for the second half of 2025. APA prizes recognize many areas of philosophy research by philosophers at various career stages, as well as the teaching of philosophy and public philosophy. For more details about the winners and prizes, please visit the 2025 APA Prizes: Fall Edition page. Congratulations to all!
Director Mona Fastvold's new film, " The Testament of Ann Lee," features actor Amanda Seyfried in the titular role: the English spiritual seeker who brought the Shaker movement to America. The trailer literally writhes with snakes intercut amid scenes of emotional turmoil, religious ecstasy, orderly and disorderly dancing - and sex. Intense and sometimes menacing music underpins it all: the sounds of the enraptured, singing their way to a fantastic and unimaginable ceremony.
best summed up by Thomas Jefferson (1787), who wrote: "...ignorance of the law is no excuse in any country. If it were, the laws would lose their effect, because it can be always pretended" (para. 2). On its face, Jefferson's point seems reasonable. If all you had to do was feign ignorance to get a case dismissed, there'd be crowds of people wandering around with blank stares and airtight alibis ("Nobody told me arson was frowned upon.").
From a distance, it looks as though people are praying. Their heads are bowed solemnly, their hands folded before them. But then I notice the phone. They are not praying-just looking at their screens. Since the arrival of the smartphone, rates of mental illness have risen sharply: depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicide, especially among the young. Our attention has been captured, our inner lives fragmented, and our sense of self quietly distorted.
You've encountered them: people who feel like life is an ongoing struggle filled with endless problems. Or perhaps this is how you feel. There are valid reasons to feel this way. When you think about your life, it may seem like it's only filled with pain, regret, and tragedy. It's easy to hear someone say, 'just be happy,' but that can sound dismissive and trivial; the person speaking clearly doesn't truly understand your pain, and at some level, they don't seem to care.
Recently, I visited a part of my neighbourhood where there's a park. The green space was hived off by concrete walls, iron railings and barbed wire. From inside came the sound of laughter and the happy voices of men and boys. Outside, I saw women of all ages walking on the dusty road, banned from entering the park. I spotted some school-age girls carrying books and pens, talking together and walking the same path I once walked.
Most defenders of position diversity, however, have a more controversial policy in mind. They urge the appointment of faculty who hold certain opinions. For instance, if all the current members of a department are atheists or agnostics, position diversity calls for the next appointment to be a theist. Similarly, if all are political liberals, then preference should be given to appointing a political conservative.
Much attention has recently been given to discussing the effects, potential and actual, of artificial intelligence on clinical medicine. Many, like Sparrow & Hatherley, have begun anticipating and addressing the challenges arising from integrating AI into medicine, including concerns about privacy, bias, power, responsibility, trust, and empathy. Sometimes a dilemma is presented between, as Hatherley puts it, substitutionism and extensionism: either AI will surpass physicians in performing clinical tasks,
What interests me is not the spending itself but the consistent failure of rational intention. These are people who make complex decisions, manage budgets, and exercise considerable self-control in their professional lives. But something about the holidays systematically overwhelms their better judgment. The usual explanations, weak willpower or manipulative advertising, miss what's actually happening in the psyche. The answer lies in an alliance that Plato identified 24 centuries ago, one that modern psychology has largely overlooked.
You have food, you have alcohol, you have questions about what to wear, you have people you don't see very often, or who you see very often but not in this context. There's also a lot of pressure on the holidays in general. We have a lot of expectations that don't always align-like we want it to be a lot of different things, and maybe it can't be all of those things.
In recent years, provincial parliaments in Canada have increasingly used a legal mechanism known as the notwithstanding clause to suspend the constitutionally protected rights of Canadians. Often, legislation passed by invoking the clause has targeted the rights of various minority communities, such as transgender people or religious minorities. Traditionally, the only check on the clause's use has been the threat of public disapproval and controversy.