Philosophy

Philosophy

As the year ends, the reflection impulse kicks in. We scroll through photos, scan our calendars, take stock. How was your year? The question seems simple enough. But watch what happens when you try to answer it. First come the flashes: a vacation, an argument, a project completed, a relationship ended. Images without order. Then comes the verdict: good year, bad year, somewhere in between. We move from scattered impressions to summary judgment, often skipping everything in between.

How did Rousseau's outlook work its way into Kant's moral philosophy? If for Rousseau, it is by following the "general will" that we can be said to be free; for Kant, it is by obeying those moral laws that we would will as universal laws. Moral laws that we would will as universal laws are given not by our individual will but by our rational will, which we have in common with all other rational beings.

They're all part of the new strain of Mormon mania sweeping American culture. When I asked "Real Housewives of Salt Lake City" star Heather Gay about the phenomenon last week, she called it "undeniable and crazy." "I just think that the Mormon moment is because we're taking over, we're industrial, we're enterprising," Gay said. Two percent of the US population self-identifies as members of the Church of Latter-day Saints, but they've dominated our screens and conversations in 2025 like never before.

Every January, millions of people make resolutions. By February, most have abandoned them. The failure rate, depending on which study you cite, hovers around 80 percent. We know this. We've lived it. Yet each year we return to the same strategies: be more specific, start smaller, find an accountability partner, track your progress. These aren't bad suggestions. But they miss something fundamental about how psychological change actually works.

Although there are always some philosophical assumptions behind this conclusion, it's an assumption that isn't contradicted by anything we've ever measured under any conditions: not with human senses, not with laboratory equipment, not with telescopes or observatories, not under the influence of nature alone nor with specific human intervention. Reality exists, and our scientific description of that reality came about precisely because those measurements, conducted anywhere or at any time, is consistent with that very description of reality itself.

A few weeks ago, I asked 10,000 people this question and got thousands of replies back. Some, of course, were funny: "A job," "Some money," and a "girlfriend." Some were predictably context-appropriate: "An unanswerable question," "Time to think," and "A deep conversation." Others were oddly mundane: "Socks," "A mug," or a "book." When Diego said "a comb," I think he was getting personal. (You can find the best of the rest over on Substack.)

When I look at the shrimp on the platter, I don't see odd food anymore but, rather, individuals. Creatures piled on a platter, their black eyes still visible, their segmented, armored bodies intact. It's also a contrast to how we usually consume meat-the animal processed, the individual disappearing. Not so in the case of these shrimps. But that's only part of the explanation for my change in attitude

The nervousness of democrats before this epistemic crisis is partly based on a widespread assumption that the idea of democracy depends on the value of truth. But even this assumption has a cost. Sadly, the democratic tendency to overemphasise the value of truth enters into conflict with other democratic demands. This leads us into contradictions that become fodder for the enemies of open societies.

Since the large-scale expansion of the Russo-Ukrainian war in February 2022, Russian citizens have become increasingly isolated from the Western world. Within their own country, conditions have grown more authoritarian, with dissenting political voices and independent media largely silenced. Protecting the names and identities of its interviewees, this animated short documentary gives Russians a rare chance to speak with unguarded honesty about how the war has changed their lives, as well as how they view their homeland in its wake.

In previous posts, I argued that empathy, expressed in different ways-as feelings of compassion, an abhorrence of cruelty, and a wider circle of concern-is the core of a liberal worldview and a liberal political philosophy. I added, however, several important caveats: Liberals are not always empathic, conservatives are not always callous, and policies animated by empathy are not always wise.

How do words get their meanings? Why does the string of letters (and sounds) "d-o-g" mean "dog" and "c-a-t" mean "cat"? For the most part, meanings are conventions: A group of people (like speakers of a given language) agree that "d-o-g" refers to one type of animal and "c-a-t" refers to another. Other than a few words like "woof" or "ding dong" that sound like what they mean, there's usually no inherent relation between the sounds and the objects they denote. That's why "dog" is "chien" in French and "gǒu" in Mandarin Chinese.

I'm talking to my friend Nick, guy to guy, thirty-three stories above Boston in a swank eating establishment known as the Bay Tower Room. Seated among stiff Brahmin lawyers, Nick wears a spiffy blue blazer and a somewhat psychedelic holiday tie, a beacon of his foppish charm. He's a Renaissance mana pianist, computer genius, primo baseball player, amateur astronomer, lady-killer. And he's eight years old.

The American Philosophical Association is pleased to announce the following 22 prizes for the second half of 2025. APA prizes recognize many areas of philosophy research by philosophers at various career stages, as well as the teaching of philosophy and public philosophy. For more details about the winners and prizes, please visit the 2025 APA Prizes: Fall Edition page. Congratulations to all!

Director Mona Fastvold's new film, " The Testament of Ann Lee," features actor Amanda Seyfried in the titular role: the English spiritual seeker who brought the Shaker movement to America. The trailer literally writhes with snakes intercut amid scenes of emotional turmoil, religious ecstasy, orderly and disorderly dancing - and sex. Intense and sometimes menacing music underpins it all: the sounds of the enraptured, singing their way to a fantastic and unimaginable ceremony.

best summed up by Thomas Jefferson (1787), who wrote: "...ignorance of the law is no excuse in any country. If it were, the laws would lose their effect, because it can be always pretended" (para. 2). On its face, Jefferson's point seems reasonable. If all you had to do was feign ignorance to get a case dismissed, there'd be crowds of people wandering around with blank stares and airtight alibis ("Nobody told me arson was frowned upon.").

From a distance, it looks as though people are praying. Their heads are bowed solemnly, their hands folded before them. But then I notice the phone. They are not praying-just looking at their screens. Since the arrival of the smartphone, rates of mental illness have risen sharply: depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicide, especially among the young. Our attention has been captured, our inner lives fragmented, and our sense of self quietly distorted.

You've encountered them: people who feel like life is an ongoing struggle filled with endless problems. Or perhaps this is how you feel. There are valid reasons to feel this way. When you think about your life, it may seem like it's only filled with pain, regret, and tragedy. It's easy to hear someone say, 'just be happy,' but that can sound dismissive and trivial; the person speaking clearly doesn't truly understand your pain, and at some level, they don't seem to care.

Recently, I visited a part of my neighbourhood where there's a park. The green space was hived off by concrete walls, iron railings and barbed wire. From inside came the sound of laughter and the happy voices of men and boys. Outside, I saw women of all ages walking on the dusty road, banned from entering the park. I spotted some school-age girls carrying books and pens, talking together and walking the same path I once walked.

Most defenders of position diversity, however, have a more controversial policy in mind. They urge the appointment of faculty who hold certain opinions. For instance, if all the current members of a department are atheists or agnostics, position diversity calls for the next appointment to be a theist. Similarly, if all are political liberals, then preference should be given to appointing a political conservative.

Much attention has recently been given to discussing the effects, potential and actual, of artificial intelligence on clinical medicine. Many, like Sparrow & Hatherley, have begun anticipating and addressing the challenges arising from integrating AI into medicine, including concerns about privacy, bias, power, responsibility, trust, and empathy. Sometimes a dilemma is presented between, as Hatherley puts it, substitutionism and extensionism: either AI will surpass physicians in performing clinical tasks,

What interests me is not the spending itself but the consistent failure of rational intention. These are people who make complex decisions, manage budgets, and exercise considerable self-control in their professional lives. But something about the holidays systematically overwhelms their better judgment. The usual explanations, weak willpower or manipulative advertising, miss what's actually happening in the psyche. The answer lies in an alliance that Plato identified 24 centuries ago, one that modern psychology has largely overlooked.

You have food, you have alcohol, you have questions about what to wear, you have people you don't see very often, or who you see very often but not in this context. There's also a lot of pressure on the holidays in general. We have a lot of expectations that don't always align-like we want it to be a lot of different things, and maybe it can't be all of those things.

In recent years, provincial parliaments in Canada have increasingly used a legal mechanism known as the notwithstanding clause to suspend the constitutionally protected rights of Canadians. Often, legislation passed by invoking the clause has targeted the rights of various minority communities, such as transgender people or religious minorities. Traditionally, the only check on the clause's use has been the threat of public disapproval and controversy.

A nest egg of $18 million per year is very large. At a safe 3.7% withdrawal rate, the Redditor could spend $666,000 per year. Since the OP said he's spending $300K plus his mortgage payments, he's most likely well below that amount (depending on just how much the mortgage balance is). Since his income needs would be more than met by his savings, there's really very little reason to continue doing work he doesn't enjoy.

In modern digital communication, we see the growing relevance of so-called AI companions and AI that look like and seem to behave like humans. We see AI assistants in messenger services, as well as AI agents that are an "autonomous" part of chatbots. We have conversational agents at every stage of education. There is also AI that appears as clones of real people, both living and dead people, and, of course, AI that is used for romantic partnerships. What all these applications have in common is that they want to make us believe we are having a human-like conversation.

If Plato was the first Western political philosopher, Aristotle was the first political scientist in today's sense. Plato's Republic, for instance, envisages an unworldly political utopia. But in Politics, Aristotle investigates a comprehensive range of political forms and regimes, down to their unglamorous, operational details. To research the book, Aristotle sent pupils at the Lyceum, his school in Athens, to many Greek city-states to record their constitutions, forming a kind of empirical data set.

The story of technology is the story of continual disruption and displacement. New systems and processes send some skills into obsolescence, opening the way for new skills and workflows. Generative AI has triggered the latest "de-skilling." But chatbot technology isn't only transforming jobs and shifting our relationship with information itself. It is also inviting us to relinquish our cognitive independence and bring about a sort of dispossession that is unprecedented.

Being right is a victory for the ego. Being connected is a truth of the soul. We are always connected-all that fluctuates is our awareness of that reality. But in being right, we not only forget that truth, but we translate the pain of disconnection into the cost of our struggle. Of course things are hard-because the other side makes it that way. This is true whether it's our political enemy or viewing our partner as the enemy.

Their notion of religio once meant something like scruples or exactingness, and then came to refer, among other things, to a scrupulous observance of rules or prohibitions, extending to worship practices. It was about doing the right thing in the right way. The Romans had other terms as well for customs, rites, obligations, reverence and social protocols, including cultus, ritus and superstitio.

Since Plato, a dominant strain of Western philosophy has understood human beings primarily as rational thinkers, a view typified by René Descartes's conclusion: cogito ergo sum ('I think, therefore I am'). But in 1927, the German philosopher Martin Heidegger radically upended this tradition in his monumental opus Being and Time. Thinking and theorising, he argued, presupposes a special mode of being that is unique to humans: I am, therefore I think.

An intricate system of roads connected the furthest reaches of the Roman Empire, which at its height in the 2nd century CE spanned modern-day Algeria, Egypt, Turkey and England. A collaboration between researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark and the Autonomous University of Barcelona in Spain, the Itiner-e project aims to build the world's most detailed map of Roman roads, with its dataset currently covering some 300,000 kilometres.