The librarian sat me in front of a microfilm reader and brought out roll after roll of film. I stayed there for hours, squinting to decipher the archaic handwriting in the Free Negro Book, which was published annually in South Carolina before the Civil War. The names in each year's edition were alphabetized, but only roughly-all of the surnames starting with A came before all of the surnames starting with B, but Agee might come before Anderson, or it might come after.
Also on this date: In 1870, the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting Black American men the right to vote, was ratified. In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, providing for a federal income tax, was ratified. In 1917, the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, the same day an American cargo ship, the SS Housatonic, was sunk by a U-boat off Britain (after the crew was allowed to board lifeboats).
From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, 'The A Word', which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging.
Snipers often discover a weapon's true potential only after it leaves the range and enters combat. Dust, cold, heat, and chaos expose weaknesses, but sometimes they reveal strengths no one planned for. Across multiple wars, certain sniper systems proved tougher, more accurate, and more versatile than expected, allowing operators to push ranges and missions far beyond the original design brief. Here, 24/7 Wall St. is taking a closer look at sniper systems that exceeded expectations in combat.
In military service, reliability is priceless, at least until the bill comes due. Some vehicles earned legendary status because they rarely failed in combat and delivered results under pressure. The problem was what it took to keep them that way. Heavy fuel use, maintenance-intensive systems, specialized parts, and recovery demands typically followed these platforms wherever they deployed. Here, 24/7 Wall St. is taking a closer look at reliable military vehicles that were logistically expensive.
On August 7, 1823, 19 enslaved people in Barbados became the property of the British crown after their enslavers died without legal heirs. These individuals had names, families and histories that stretched across years of shared survival under slavery. They included Quow and his son, Caesar; Orange and her son, October; and Abel and Lubbah and their children, Thomas, Kitty and Becky.
Countless books, movies and television shows chronicle the adventures (or misadventures) of people stranded on remote islands. Consider, for example, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, the beloved Tom Hanks movie and the classic 1960s sitcom " Gilligan's Island." Now , a new Sam Raimi horror-thriller about a woman (played by Rachel McAdams) stuck with her overbearing boss (Dylan O'Brien) after a plane crash, is set to join the ranks of these survivalist stories.
The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle ( Livländische Reimchronik) is an anonymous account of the Livonian Crusade written in Middle High German, covering the years between 1143 and 1290. It is one of the chief written sources concerning the Livonian Crusade, significant in that it was written by a member of the crusading orders, and it is notable for its rhyming form, unusual among chronicles.
"These five soldiers, in their separate moments of supreme testing, summoned a degree of courage that stirs wonder and respect and an overpowering pride in all of us," he continued. "Through their spectacular courage, they set themselves apart in a very select company. They represent the contribution of more than half a million young Americans to a world of order and of peace."
In the early 20th century, sociologist Max Weber noted that sweeping industrialization would transform how societies worked. As small, informal operations gave way to large, complex organizations with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, leaders would need to rely less on tradition and charisma, and more on organization and rationality. He also foresaw that jobs would need to be broken down into specialized tasks and governed by a system of hierarchy,
Mark the Year of the Horse with a free Lunar New Year Festival on March 14, 2026, from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. at History Park on Phelan Avenue. Organized by History San José and the Chinese Historical & Cultural Project, the event welcomes families to immerse themselves in traditions that showcase Chinese heritage through lively demonstrations and interactive elements.
During the mid-18th century, while Delhi was rocked by instability, many of its leading poets, painters and craftspeople migrated to Lucknow and Faizabad in search of new patrons. Through this population shift, Lucknow flourished as a courtly capital, its wealth matched by a cosmopolitan atmosphere that attracted Indian elites and European adventurers alike. The ruling Nawabs of Awadh were keen to eclipse Delhi and supported the trades, commissioning many fine jewelled and decorated objects - including, of course, ceremonial swords.
English, the first Black woman to open a private practice in the state of New York, was known as Brooklyn's Birth Mother. She had delivered some six thousand babies, including the children of Betty Shabazz and Malcolm X. She became a philanthropist, and her patronage of the arts was perhaps best represented by her conversion of St. Casimir's into a haven for theatre, performance, and community engagement.
In this volume, the authors aim to provide a truly global overview of the 14 century, with each region given approximately the same space. It is obviously impossible to cover every event in every country of the world in a single volume, just as you would not be able to visit every city in every country if you traveled around the world for a year.
When universities began to emerge in Europe during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, they soon became important centres of knowledge. Their libraries could hold hundreds of books, and many of the most valuable volumes were kept under close control - sometimes even chained to desks. We have few details about how medieval university libraries operated, but a revealing set of rubric headings survives from the University of Angers in western France.
We get started by exploring the origins of the Normans in the county and then duchy of Normandy. We will understand their Norse background and their relationship with the Carolingians. The timeline approach will help us discover all the counts and dukes of Normandy, and what they contributed to their realm. This will set the foundation for the interconnected stories that will lead us to England and the Mediterranean.
In 1863, during the Civil War, the First South Carolina Volunteers, an all-Black Union regiment composed of many who escaped from slavery, was mustered into federal service at Beaufort, South Carolina. In 1945, Pvt. Eddie Slovik, 24, became the first U.S. soldier since the Civil War to be executed for desertion as he was shot by an American firing squad in France.
as the gods were understood as the true monarchs and the king as simply their steward. In order to maintain his authority, the king needed to court the goodwill of the gods, and although they made their approval clear through military victories, bountiful harvests, and prosperous trade, events such as the Akitu festival provided an annual opportunity for the divine to continue its relationship with the ruling house or withdraw its favor.
The Assassins and the Knights Templar have become two of the most iconic groups of fighters from the period of the Crusades. In recent times, they have been popularised through the video game and movie franchise, Assassin's Creed. But who were they really and how did they interact in the Holy Land? It's an intriguing story that Dr Steve Tibble and Tony McMahon investigate in the first episode of their new podcast series, Talking Templars.
The translations offered are intended to keep as close to the originals as possible in line for line renderings, while conveying at the same time some indication at least of the poetic form. This is, of course, an entirely hubristic aim, and it is either a help (by permitting a certain freedom of approach) or an additional hindrance that, as noted, many of the texts survive in a somewhat parlous state.
Divers uncovered more than 1,000 late 17th- and early 18th-century Spanish coins worth $1m off the coast of Florida last summer. The area, roughly 100 miles north of Miami, is known as the Treasure Coast-named for the cargo aboard the Spanish flotilla that sank there in 1715. Its 11 ships were filled to the brim with an estimated $400m in gold, silver and jewels. Treasure hunters have been on the prowl for their sunken riches ever since.
No one denies the right of Edward Channing, professor of history in Harvard University, to make the statement to his class that George Washington had an unsurpassed temper, and did not have large brain power or education; that Benjamin Franklin dressed freakishly to be a social lion; that Alexander Hamilton became second in command through intrigues involving Washington and Adams, and that Patrick Henry, Jeremy Belknap and Noah Webster speculated on inside tips received from Congressmen.
An extraordinary archaeological discovery in eastern Germany has reunited a medieval bronze cross with the mould used to cast it-more than four decades after the mould itself was found. The object, a so-called wheel cross dating to the 10th or 11th century, offers rare and tangible evidence of early Christianisation among the Slavic populations of the region between the Elbe and Oder rivers.
A conversation with Kevin van Bladel on his proposal regarding "The Classical Near East," a constellation of fields defined by the classical literary traditions of medieval Near Eastern cultures, including Byzantium.
Beyond the reach of medieval Christendom, Viking-age Scandinavia drew its ideas about gender less from scripture than from myth, law, and the practical demands of life in a raiding and trading world. Luke Daly explores how women could wield real authority-as estate managers, property holders, ritual figures, and, at times, political actors-within a society that was still hierarchical and often violent. Beyond the cathedrals and the long shadow cast by Rome lay societies whose moral and social assumptions were not governed by the cross.
The slab, found in a York drain in the 19th century, has gone on display at a new exhibition marking the 800th anniversary of Saint William a forgotten, once adored martyr said to be responsible for that miracle and others. At the centre of the exhibition is a cutting-edge, digital recreation of an imposing shrine to William that once stood in York Minster's nave but was broken up and buried to protect it from the ravages of Henry VIII's reformation.
