Of course, if the damage is very severe, this hormesis will not occur. It is a term that can also be applied to other problems, resistance to an upset or trauma, which you then create defenses against that stress. But if the stress is excessive, the damage will be much greater than the possible benefit. In the case of exercise and its effects on the brain, there are studies in humans, but the main ones are in mice. We have seen, for example, that there are epigenetic changes, which are like labels that are placed on genes, which activate genes against inflammation and oxidative stress. So, you may have an injury, for these reasons, and you are already ready to overcome it, because certain networks in the brain are reinforced or more networks are generated. It is not that the damage will be avoided, but that there will be better overcome when it happens. That is resilience, in this case induced by a hormetic response.
It depends. Science is not black and white. Sport is good and has many advantages, but it has to be done in moderation. If you combine a sedentary lifestyle with high-intensity exercise from one day to the next, it's not good because you will get injured. The advice is to always get a check-up to find out your limits and start progressively.
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