"Temperament refers to early-appearing variation in emotional reactivity," say researchers David Rettew and Laura McKee, emphasizing how these traits are foundational to personality and interpersonal dynamics.
Schröder et al (2022) describe temperament as "relatively consistent, basic and individual dispositions that underlie and modulate the expression of activity, reactivity, emotionality and sociability," highlighting its long-lasting impact on behavior.
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