Lung Health Check pilot scheme aimed to detect cancer early launched in parts of DublinThe Lung Health Check pilot aims to improve early detection of lung cancer in high-risk individuals aged 55 to 74.
'We were thrust into this world of childhood cancer diagnosis' -family of girl (7) with leukaemia urge support for Daffodil DayDaffodil Day aims to raise €6m for cancer support and research, emphasizing community support for childhood cancer patients like Nicole Keyes.
'Go all in': Irish Cancer Society says it needs to raise 30m this Daffodil Day to meet record demandThe Irish Cancer Society's services and support networks are experiencing significant growth in demand, underscoring the need for continued public funding.
Lung Health Check pilot scheme aimed to detect cancer early launched in parts of DublinThe Lung Health Check pilot aims to improve early detection of lung cancer in high-risk individuals aged 55 to 74.
'We were thrust into this world of childhood cancer diagnosis' -family of girl (7) with leukaemia urge support for Daffodil DayDaffodil Day aims to raise €6m for cancer support and research, emphasizing community support for childhood cancer patients like Nicole Keyes.
'Go all in': Irish Cancer Society says it needs to raise 30m this Daffodil Day to meet record demandThe Irish Cancer Society's services and support networks are experiencing significant growth in demand, underscoring the need for continued public funding.
Fox News' Kat Timpf thanks fans for support after breast cancer announcementKat Timpf expresses gratitude for support after her breast cancer diagnosis and assures fans she is receiving excellent medical care.
Fox News Contributor Kat Timpf Receives Shocking Cancer Diagnosis Discovered Just Hours Before She Gave BirthKat Timpf was diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer hours before giving birth to her first child.
Exclusive | I got diagnosed with colon cancer at 44 - these were my 4 main symptomsStage 2b colon cancer is increasingly affecting individuals under 50, highlighting the need for increased awareness and early detection.
Norway's Crown Princess Mette-Marit's rare chronic lung condition worsens in heartbreaking updateCrown Princess Mette-Marit requires more rest as her health declines due to pulmonary fibrosis.
Doctors still seeking cure for brain cancer that struck former Utah Rep. Mia LoveMia Love, the first Black Republican woman in Congress, dies from glioblastoma, highlighting challenges in treating this aggressive brain cancer.
James Van Der Beek Shared A Heartfelt Message On How Stage 3 Cancer Has Affected His LifeJames announced his colorectal cancer diagnosis, emphasizing optimism and family support amid treatment challenges.
Fox News' Kat Timpf thanks fans for support after breast cancer announcementKat Timpf expresses gratitude for support after her breast cancer diagnosis and assures fans she is receiving excellent medical care.
Fox News Contributor Kat Timpf Receives Shocking Cancer Diagnosis Discovered Just Hours Before She Gave BirthKat Timpf was diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer hours before giving birth to her first child.
Exclusive | I got diagnosed with colon cancer at 44 - these were my 4 main symptomsStage 2b colon cancer is increasingly affecting individuals under 50, highlighting the need for increased awareness and early detection.
Norway's Crown Princess Mette-Marit's rare chronic lung condition worsens in heartbreaking updateCrown Princess Mette-Marit requires more rest as her health declines due to pulmonary fibrosis.
Doctors still seeking cure for brain cancer that struck former Utah Rep. Mia LoveMia Love, the first Black Republican woman in Congress, dies from glioblastoma, highlighting challenges in treating this aggressive brain cancer.
James Van Der Beek Shared A Heartfelt Message On How Stage 3 Cancer Has Affected His LifeJames announced his colorectal cancer diagnosis, emphasizing optimism and family support amid treatment challenges.
Need a punch biopsy? Here's what to expectA punch biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure that helps diagnose skin cancer and other skin conditions.Dermatologist Anisha Patel, M.D., explains what to expect during a punch biopsy.
Thyroid biopsy: Purpose, process and recoveryA thyroid biopsy is a procedure that helps diagnose thyroid cancer and other conditions in the thyroid.Here, endocrinologist Steven Weitzman, M.D., shares what to expect during a thyroid biopsy.
Breast cancer survivor-volunteer and colorectal cancer patient share unique friendshipWhen Ming Song-Gorry was getting colorectal cancer treatment at MD Anderson, she met someone who understood just what she was going through: volunteer and breast cancer survivor Mercedes Malato Pavlu.
What is hematemesis? Vomiting blood, explainedWhat is hematemesis, and what should you know about this alarming symptom?Gastrointestinal medical oncologist Jaffer Ajani, M.D., explains.
Stage IV oral cancer survivor: How MD Anderson helped me reclaim my faithMaster certified coach and behavioral science expert D. Ivan Young, Ph.D., suffered a crisis of faith after a stage IV oral cancer diagnosis.Here's how MD Anderson helped him regain his faith.
Hallmark star Brennan Elliott's wife dead at 45 after cancer battle: 'She suffered immeasurably'Brennan Elliott's wife Camilla Row has passed away from gastric cancer after an eight-year battle.
Scientists Find Strong Link Between Drinking Sugary Soda and Getting CancerSugary soda consumption is significantly linked to a higher risk of oral cancer in women.
Type 2 diabetes increases risk of liver and pancreatic cancers, study showsType 2 diabetes significantly increases the risk of lethal cancers, especially in women.
Scientists Find Strong Link Between Drinking Sugary Soda and Getting CancerSugary soda consumption is significantly linked to a higher risk of oral cancer in women.
Type 2 diabetes increases risk of liver and pancreatic cancers, study showsType 2 diabetes significantly increases the risk of lethal cancers, especially in women.
Did You Get A Mammogram Callback? Don't Panic - Here's What Happens NextMost mammogram callbacks do not result in a cancer diagnosis.The BI-RADS system helps interpret mammogram results and guide follow-ups.
Dr Liz O'Riordan: 'I was a 40-year-old breast cancer surgeon who never thought I'd get breast cancer and never checked my breasts'Misinformation about cancer starkly affects patients' decisions; informed choices require dispelling myths with science-based evidence.
'I'll never run a marathon, but early lung cancer diagnosis saved my life,' says bus driver ahead of Daffodil DayEarly detection through medical consultation is crucial to effectively treating cancer symptoms.
Comedian Katherine Ryan reveals she has been diagnosed with cancer for a second timeKatherine Ryan experienced misdiagnosis of melanoma before finally receiving the correct diagnosis after seeking private healthcare.
Did You Get A Mammogram Callback? Don't Panic - Here's What Happens NextMost mammogram callbacks do not result in a cancer diagnosis.The BI-RADS system helps interpret mammogram results and guide follow-ups.
Dr Liz O'Riordan: 'I was a 40-year-old breast cancer surgeon who never thought I'd get breast cancer and never checked my breasts'Misinformation about cancer starkly affects patients' decisions; informed choices require dispelling myths with science-based evidence.
'I'll never run a marathon, but early lung cancer diagnosis saved my life,' says bus driver ahead of Daffodil DayEarly detection through medical consultation is crucial to effectively treating cancer symptoms.
Comedian Katherine Ryan reveals she has been diagnosed with cancer for a second timeKatherine Ryan experienced misdiagnosis of melanoma before finally receiving the correct diagnosis after seeking private healthcare.
Opinion: How federally funded research saved my son's sight and his lifeGovernment funding for medical research is crucial for children's healthcare outcomes.Preventive care is vital in early detection and treatment of childhood cancers.Personal stories illustrate the impact of medical advancements on survival rates.
Blood test for ovarian cancer misses some Black and Native American patients, study findsBlood tests for ovarian cancer may be ineffective for some Black and Native American women, contributing to healthcare disparities.
Opinion: How federally funded research saved my son's sight and his lifeGovernment funding for medical research is crucial for children's healthcare outcomes.Preventive care is vital in early detection and treatment of childhood cancers.Personal stories illustrate the impact of medical advancements on survival rates.
Blood test for ovarian cancer misses some Black and Native American patients, study findsBlood tests for ovarian cancer may be ineffective for some Black and Native American women, contributing to healthcare disparities.
Katherine Ryan announces shock cancer diagnosis for the second timeThe comedian discusses her second melanoma diagnosis, expressing concerns about changing moles and awareness of skin cancer symptoms.
Comedian Katherine Ryan reveals second skin cancer diagnosisKatherine Ryan's mole was diagnosed cancerous after initial dismissal by a doctor, highlighting the importance of advocating for personal health concerns.
Katherine Ryan announces shock cancer diagnosis for the second timeThe comedian discusses her second melanoma diagnosis, expressing concerns about changing moles and awareness of skin cancer symptoms.
Comedian Katherine Ryan reveals second skin cancer diagnosisKatherine Ryan's mole was diagnosed cancerous after initial dismissal by a doctor, highlighting the importance of advocating for personal health concerns.
They thought they had IBS or celiac disease. It was colon cancer.Colon cancer cases are increasing among people under 45, often misdiagnosed due to symptoms resembling common GI disorders.
An urgent argument for the HPV vaccineHPV vaccines are crucial for preventing numerous cancers, yet remain underutilized in the U.S.
I was diagnosed with stage 3 colon cancer at 45 - this is my biggest regretColonoscopy led to early detection of David Hungerford's stage 3 colon cancer, highlighting the importance of routine screenings.
Rise in aggressive forms of cancer in younger adults prompts researchers to do a deeper diveYounger adults are increasingly facing aggressive forms of cancer, previously more common in older age groups.
How a new online tool is helping people of any age assess their colon cancer riskColon cancer rates are rising in younger adults, prompting the launch of a new risk assessment tool from the American Cancer Society.
They thought they had IBS or celiac disease. It was colon cancer.Colon cancer cases are increasing among people under 45, often misdiagnosed due to symptoms resembling common GI disorders.
An urgent argument for the HPV vaccineHPV vaccines are crucial for preventing numerous cancers, yet remain underutilized in the U.S.
I was diagnosed with stage 3 colon cancer at 45 - this is my biggest regretColonoscopy led to early detection of David Hungerford's stage 3 colon cancer, highlighting the importance of routine screenings.
Rise in aggressive forms of cancer in younger adults prompts researchers to do a deeper diveYounger adults are increasingly facing aggressive forms of cancer, previously more common in older age groups.
How a new online tool is helping people of any age assess their colon cancer riskColon cancer rates are rising in younger adults, prompting the launch of a new risk assessment tool from the American Cancer Society.
Study Identifies Potential Therapeutic Target for Colon Cancer - News CenterInhibiting GATA6 in mouse models reduces colon cancer tumor growth and enhances survival, revealing a promising therapeutic target.
How Trump's NIH cuts are a death sentence for our cancer-stricken sonProposed NIH funding cuts jeopardize vital cancer research needed for children like Cailen Vela.
Scientists find promising pancreatic cancer leads DW 02/25/2025Pancreatic cancer has the lowest survival rates among cancers, with only 6-14% surviving five years post-diagnosis.Advances in biomarker research offer hope for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer.
Breast cancer is on the rise: data reveal drastic gap in survival ratesBreast cancer survival varies significantly by region, with low-income countries facing higher death rates.Economic disparities impact access to early detection and treatment for breast cancer.
Rafael Lopez, oncologist: With a blood test we expect to be able to identify the weaknesses of almost all tumors'Liquid biopsy technology is revolutionizing cancer treatment by enabling earlier detection and better prognostication.
Scientists crack how aspirin might stop cancers from spreadingAspirin may enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer metastasis, but self-medication is not recommended yet.
Study Identifies Potential Therapeutic Target for Colon Cancer - News CenterInhibiting GATA6 in mouse models reduces colon cancer tumor growth and enhances survival, revealing a promising therapeutic target.
How Trump's NIH cuts are a death sentence for our cancer-stricken sonProposed NIH funding cuts jeopardize vital cancer research needed for children like Cailen Vela.
Scientists find promising pancreatic cancer leads DW 02/25/2025Pancreatic cancer has the lowest survival rates among cancers, with only 6-14% surviving five years post-diagnosis.Advances in biomarker research offer hope for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer.
Breast cancer is on the rise: data reveal drastic gap in survival ratesBreast cancer survival varies significantly by region, with low-income countries facing higher death rates.Economic disparities impact access to early detection and treatment for breast cancer.
Rafael Lopez, oncologist: With a blood test we expect to be able to identify the weaknesses of almost all tumors'Liquid biopsy technology is revolutionizing cancer treatment by enabling earlier detection and better prognostication.
Scientists crack how aspirin might stop cancers from spreadingAspirin may enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer metastasis, but self-medication is not recommended yet.
Heart's Ann Wilson: Performing in wheelchair is due to injury, not cancer battleAnn Wilson is performing in a wheelchair due to a recent injury, not cancer recovery, and is now cancer-free.
Stanley Tucci 'completely exhausted' after cancer treatment 'burned out' his thyroidStanley Tucci candidly discusses enduring fatigue post-cancer treatment linked to thyroid issues.
Heart's Ann Wilson: Performing in wheelchair is due to injury, not cancer battleAnn Wilson is performing in a wheelchair due to a recent injury, not cancer recovery, and is now cancer-free.
Stanley Tucci 'completely exhausted' after cancer treatment 'burned out' his thyroidStanley Tucci candidly discusses enduring fatigue post-cancer treatment linked to thyroid issues.
Getting diagnosed with cancer in your 20s and 30s can be isolating. But there are programs that can help | CBC NewsCancer diagnoses are rising among patients under 40, particularly in their 20s and 30s.
A 26-year-old with stomach pain was getting checked for celiac disease. It turned out to be stage 4 colon cancer.Shannin Desroches' stage 4 colon cancer diagnosis highlights urgent need for routine screenings in younger demographics.
Getting diagnosed with cancer in your 20s and 30s can be isolating. But there are programs that can help | CBC NewsCancer diagnoses are rising among patients under 40, particularly in their 20s and 30s.
A 26-year-old with stomach pain was getting checked for celiac disease. It turned out to be stage 4 colon cancer.Shannin Desroches' stage 4 colon cancer diagnosis highlights urgent need for routine screenings in younger demographics.
Former House Republican Mia Love's Cancer Not Responding to Treatment,' Family Says Former CNN Contributor Being Made Comfortable'Mia Love's family is shifting their focus from treatment to cherishing final moments as her battle with cancer progresses.
Twickenham dad's fundraiser after mum's migraine turned out to be deadly tumourNicolette Richardson's tragic death from glioblastoma spurred her partner to raise awareness and funds for brain tumour research.
Neil Peart's brother dies from same cancer that took the life of the RUSH drummerDanny Peart, brother of RUSH drummer Neil Peart, has died from glioblastoma, mirroring the loss of his brother five years earlier.
Former House Republican Mia Love's Cancer Not Responding to Treatment,' Family Says Former CNN Contributor Being Made Comfortable'Mia Love's family is shifting their focus from treatment to cherishing final moments as her battle with cancer progresses.
Twickenham dad's fundraiser after mum's migraine turned out to be deadly tumourNicolette Richardson's tragic death from glioblastoma spurred her partner to raise awareness and funds for brain tumour research.
Neil Peart's brother dies from same cancer that took the life of the RUSH drummerDanny Peart, brother of RUSH drummer Neil Peart, has died from glioblastoma, mirroring the loss of his brother five years earlier.
How To Cope With A Scary DiagnosisReceiving a serious diagnosis can be overwhelming; take time to process and make decisions at your own pace.
Sydenham mum with cervical cancer claims doctors said symptoms were 'period'Charley Jayne Law faced misdiagnosis for months before being diagnosed with incurable but treatable cancer.
'I'll never run a marathon, but early lung cancer diagnosis saved my life,' says bus driver ahead of Daffodil DaySeek medical advice promptly when symptoms arise, as early detection can lead to better outcomes.
How To Cope With A Scary DiagnosisReceiving a serious diagnosis can be overwhelming; take time to process and make decisions at your own pace.
Sydenham mum with cervical cancer claims doctors said symptoms were 'period'Charley Jayne Law faced misdiagnosis for months before being diagnosed with incurable but treatable cancer.
'I'll never run a marathon, but early lung cancer diagnosis saved my life,' says bus driver ahead of Daffodil DaySeek medical advice promptly when symptoms arise, as early detection can lead to better outcomes.
Linda Evangelista got breast cancer twice in five years: 'I'm not dying from this'Linda Evangelista shares her resilient journey through breast cancer, emphasizing her celebration of life and determination to overcome adversity.
Here are the consequences for an Aventura doctor after he failed to diagnose cancerDr. Mark Christ faces penalties for failing to properly diagnose and manage a patient's testicular cancer, impacting both his career and finances.
New research shows bigger animals get more cancer, defying decades-old beliefRapid evolution in body size among some species leads to lower cancer prevalence, suggesting an evolutionary mechanism in cancer resistance.
Study Finds 80% Decrease In Cervical Precancer In Early HPV Vaccine RecipientsThe HPV vaccine has led to significant reductions in cervical precancer incidence among young women.
Men with this reproductive issue are 500% more likely to be genetically predisposed to cancerInfertility in men may indicate a higher risk of hereditary cancer, as new research reveals genetic links.
What Is Chloroprene, the Cancer-Causing Chemical at the Center of a Federal Lawsuit?The Trump administration may drop a lawsuit aiming to reduce chloroprene emissions from a Louisiana petrochemical plant.
Tracking Patient-Reported Symptoms Improves Cancer Care, Trial Finds - News CenterTracking patient-reported symptoms during cancer treatment significantly improves patient care and quality of life.
Future of cancer coverage for women federal firefighters uncertain under TrumpFirefighters may lose newly granted cancer coverage due to changes in federal policy and webpage information under the Trump administration.
Aspirin prevents metastasis by limiting platelet TXA2 suppression of T cell immunity - NatureDaily aspirin significantly reduces metastatic recurrence and cancer mortality in early-stage cancer patients.
How I Conquered Fear When I Was Diagnosed With Terminal CancerOvercoming fear is crucial for mental resilience and living a fulfilling life.
The Leopard in My House by Mark Steel review finding the funny side of living with cancerMark Steel's memoir offers humor and warmth, uniquely capturing the human experience during cancer treatment.
Fearless Cavan woman living with incurable cancer sets sights on 600th marathonBrenda O'Keeffe views running as her 'happy pill' while overcoming challenges from her multiple myeloma diagnosis.
How I Conquered Fear When I Was Diagnosed With Terminal CancerOvercoming fear is crucial for mental resilience and living a fulfilling life.
The Leopard in My House by Mark Steel review finding the funny side of living with cancerMark Steel's memoir offers humor and warmth, uniquely capturing the human experience during cancer treatment.
Fearless Cavan woman living with incurable cancer sets sights on 600th marathonBrenda O'Keeffe views running as her 'happy pill' while overcoming challenges from her multiple myeloma diagnosis.
My Pet Has Cancer - Where Do We Go From Here? Vets Explain What's NextVeterinary oncology provides treatment options for pets diagnosed with cancer, emphasizing the need for emotional and logistical support from owners.
What This 9-Year-Old Girl Said Before Dying Of Cancer Will Leave You SobbingThe article honors Nova May Baker, highlighting her mother's efforts to raise awareness about childhood cancer through social media after her passing.
News - Cinnabar Detected on Teeth of Ancient Woman - Archaeology MagazineTURPAN CITY, CHINA-IFL Science reports that archaeologists were surprised when they noticed red pigment in [...]
Cancer family 'financially broken' by benefits waitFamilies of children with cancer are financially struggling due to delays in receiving benefits they need to cover extra living costs.
She's a Foot Soldier in America's Losing War With Chronic DiseaseThe prevalence of chronic diseases among younger populations is alarming and requires urgent attention.
Teddi Mellencamp, 43, gives health update after undergoing surgery to remove brain tumors: 'The fight is not over'Teddi Mellencamp updates fans on her health after brain surgery and expresses gratitude for support during recovery.
Horoscopes Mar. 1, 2025: Justin Bieber, tune into your heartHarness your inner joy by seeking new adventures and improving your skills.
Horoscopes Feb. 27, 2025: Kate Mara, take the plungeFocus and determination will enhance your chances of success this year.Engage actively with new ideas and people to make informed decisions.
Here's Your Horoscope For Wednesday, February 26A breakthrough is imminent as Aquarius interacts with Chiron, helping to transform weaknesses into strengths.
Here's Your Horoscope For Monday, February 24Mars retrograde ending brings renewed momentum and reduced anxiety.
Here's Your Horoscope For Thursday, February 27The moon in Pisces enhances creativity and intuition, encouraging new aspirations and the clearing of doubts for stronger manifestations.
Here's Your March HoroscopeMarch brings dynamic astrological shifts prompting introspection, bold communication, and the pursuit of higher standards in love and life.
Horoscopes Feb. 23, 2025: Dakota Fanning, charm, creativity and boundaries will pave the way to a bright futureEmbrace your niche and avoid negative influences for opportunities.A positive mindset is critical in overcoming challenges.Change can lead to personal growth and improved prospects.Making informed choices is essential for a fulfilling life.
Horoscopes Feb. 27, 2025: Kate Mara, take the plungeFocus and determination will enhance your chances of success this year.Engage actively with new ideas and people to make informed decisions.
Here's Your Horoscope For Wednesday, February 26A breakthrough is imminent as Aquarius interacts with Chiron, helping to transform weaknesses into strengths.
Here's Your Horoscope For Monday, February 24Mars retrograde ending brings renewed momentum and reduced anxiety.
Here's Your Horoscope For Thursday, February 27The moon in Pisces enhances creativity and intuition, encouraging new aspirations and the clearing of doubts for stronger manifestations.
Here's Your March HoroscopeMarch brings dynamic astrological shifts prompting introspection, bold communication, and the pursuit of higher standards in love and life.
Horoscopes Feb. 23, 2025: Dakota Fanning, charm, creativity and boundaries will pave the way to a bright futureEmbrace your niche and avoid negative influences for opportunities.A positive mindset is critical in overcoming challenges.Change can lead to personal growth and improved prospects.Making informed choices is essential for a fulfilling life.
Auburn's Freeze diagnosed with prostate cancerHugh Freeze diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer but expected to fully recover while continuing to coach Auburn.
Michael Bolton shares rare family photo as he battles brain cancerMichael Bolton celebrated his 72nd birthday surrounded by family amidst his ongoing battle with brain cancer.
Breast cancer diagnoses and deaths expected to surge worldwide, says WHOBreast cancer cases and deaths are projected to soar globally by 2050, driven by demographic changes and known risk factors.
Genetic Discoveries Could Reduce Black Women's Higher Breast Cancer Death RiskBlack women in the U.S. face higher breast cancer mortality rates than white women due to a combination of genetics and health disparities.
Scanner could 'transform' breast cancer treatmentThe Field Cycling Imager (FCI) is a new scanner that may revolutionize breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Breast cancer diagnoses and deaths expected to surge worldwide, says WHOBreast cancer cases and deaths are projected to soar globally by 2050, driven by demographic changes and known risk factors.
Genetic Discoveries Could Reduce Black Women's Higher Breast Cancer Death RiskBlack women in the U.S. face higher breast cancer mortality rates than white women due to a combination of genetics and health disparities.
Scanner could 'transform' breast cancer treatmentThe Field Cycling Imager (FCI) is a new scanner that may revolutionize breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Cancer evolution could inform targets for personalized anticancer vaccinesUnderstanding resistance mechanisms in lung cancer is vital for improving treatment strategies.Targeted variants acquired during treatment influence cancer evolution and resistance.
When This Stanford Professor Got Cancer, He Decided to Teach a Class About ItDr. Bryant Lin continues teaching despite his terminal lung cancer diagnosis, sharing personal insights and inspiring students.
Cancer evolution could inform targets for personalized anticancer vaccinesUnderstanding resistance mechanisms in lung cancer is vital for improving treatment strategies.Targeted variants acquired during treatment influence cancer evolution and resistance.
When This Stanford Professor Got Cancer, He Decided to Teach a Class About ItDr. Bryant Lin continues teaching despite his terminal lung cancer diagnosis, sharing personal insights and inspiring students.
scikit-survival 0.24.0 released | Sebastian PolsterlScikit-survival 0.24.0 features a new estimator for cumulative incidence functions in competing risks scenarios.
When This Stanford Professor Got Cancer, He Decided to Teach a Class About ItDr. Bryant Lin chose to teach a class on his terminal illness, inspiring students despite facing Stage 4 lung cancer.
Ex-Stanford research coordinator convicted of tampering with cancer study databaseA former Stanford employee was convicted of tampering with a breast cancer research database after being fired.
For one husband, caregiving came easier when he learned to 'shut up and listen'Caregivers should prioritize listening over fixing in response to a loved one's cancer diagnosis.
Putting early cancer detection to the testMCED tests offer potential for early cancer detection using blood samples, but they face regulatory and clinical uncertainties.