This summer was the hottest ever in the Northern Hemisphere, with temperatures 0.69C above historical averages, surpassing the previous high set last year.
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heat waves, causing extreme weather events from droughts and wildfires to violent storms and flooding.
Over the past 12 months, global average temperatures have reached 1.64C above pre-industrial levels, exceeding the critical 1.5C threshold.
More than 1,300 people died during the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia due to extreme temperatures reaching 52C, demonstrating the human cost of rising heat.
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