How Paris Became Paris: The Story Behind Its Iconic Squares, Bridges, Monuments & Boulevards
Haussmann transformed Paris by forcefully replacing medieval streets with grand axial boulevards and public squares that still define the city's urban form.
Analysis: Why Parisians have abandoned the Champs-Elysees
Champs-Élysées has emptied of residents and middle-income shops as luxury boutiques proliferate and rents soar, eroding its cultural life and everyday Parisian presence.