Scientists were ready, on land and in-flight, to deploy instruments that measure atmospheric rivers like this one. They released tools from planes, equipped with small parachutes, or floated them up from the ground attached to balloons, directly into the storm's path.
Warming oceans are supercharging the storms, making them deadlier and costlier. This week's storms killed nine people, caused an estimated $11bn in damage and economic loss, and dumped half of Los Angeles's annual rainfall on the city in a matter of days.
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