The mapping study revealed 87 papers reporting undesired effects of game design elements, with badges, leaderboards, competitions, and points frequently causing negative outcomes.
We found that the most commonly reported negative effects include lack of effect, worsened performance, motivational issues, lack of understanding, and irrelevance when applying gamification.
Ethical issues such as gaming the system and cheating were also highlighted, indicating a pressing need to assess gamification strategies more critically in educational contexts.
The findings raise awareness among developers about the potential negative impacts of gamification, encouraging them to consider these effects in their design and implementation practices.
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