A closure is a function that retains access to its lexical scope, even when the function is executed outside that scope. This allows the inner function to maintain state.
Closures are common in programming languages that emphasize functional programming, and in Python, they enable the creation of decorators that can retain state information.
An inner function in Python can access and update names defined in their enclosing function, thus providing powerful capabilities for managing scope and state.
By using closures, programmers can encapsulate functionality and carry state information through multiple calls, which is essential for creating more dynamic and flexible software.
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