The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for work on quantum mechanic tunnelling. The award, announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on Tuesday, will be presented to the trio in December for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.
In 2001, Ramsdell and Brunkow made a key discovery while studying a mouse strain prone to autoimmune disease. Together, the researchers found that mice possessed a mutation of a gene they named "Foxp3," which they compared to the mutations in the human version of the same gene, which caused a severe autoimmune disorder known as IPEX. Two years later, Sakaguchi demonstrated that Foxp3 played a key role in producing a class of immune cells he had first identified in 1995.