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17 hours agoThe spies of the pharaohs and the double agents of the Caesars: How intelligence services operated in antiquity
It may sound anachronistic to use terms like espionage, counterintelligence, secret services, or double agents in relation to ancient times. But activities, organizations, and personnel that largely fit our current concepts were widely deployed by the civilizations of the ancient world, giving truth to the saying that there is nothing new under the Sun (or, in this case, the shadows). To provide a few examples: Ramses II was nearly defeated at the Battle of Kadesh (which ended in a stalemate)
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