By the year 1400, Florence had become the political heart of Tuscany under the Medici, but two centuries earlier factionalism and violence ruled the region.
The Pazzi di Valdarno, a noble family from Arezzo, relentlessly attacked Florence, leading to the construction of walls around towns to defend against them.
Characterized as 'incorrigible brigands' by medieval chronicles, the Pazzi have been reassessed by modern historians as fierce defenders of their territory.
Guglielmo dei Pazzi di Valdarno, one of the last military members of the family, chose death in battle over surrender in 1289.
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