President Donald Trump ordered an attack against Iran, known as Operation Midnight Hammer, without seeking congressional approval, igniting debates on presidential war powers. Legal advisors likely viewed this action as within constitutional limits based on the President's Commander in Chief authority. This interpretation rests on three foundations: the inherent constitutional power of the President, historical precedent affirming presidential war powers, and a limited role for Congress that applies primarily to large-scale military actions that represent 'war' under legislative definitions.
President Donald Trump directed an attack against Iran, named Operation Midnight Hammer, without obtaining congressional authorization, raising debates about presidential war powers.
The authority to order a combat operation without prior congressional approval is often justified by a long-standing interpretation of unilateral presidential war power.
The legal justification rests upon three pillars: inherent authority as Commander in Chief, historical affirmation of presidential war powers, and a restrictive view of congressional involvement.
Only military engagements of significant scope and duration are considered 'war' under the Declaration clause, limiting Congress' exclusive ability to declare war.
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