The Roman Empire's expansion met significant resistance from three regions: Scotland, Germany, and Persia. Despite its power, it could not conquer these fiercely independent civilizations.
Hadrian's Wall stands as a testament to Rome's failure to subdue Scotland’s Celtic tribes. The Picts and Scots’ fierce resistance and the region's inhospitable conditions prompted a shift to defense.
The catastrophic defeat in the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, where Rome lost approximately 20,000 soldiers, forced a significant shift in strategy towards fortification and defense against Germania.
Throughout its history, the Roman Republic transformed from a city-state to a dominant regional power, setting a governance model that influenced many modern governments around the world.
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