The Western Europeans increasingly began referring to the Byzantine Empire as Greek instead of Roman, which was a negative slur delegitimizing their claim to the Roman legacy.
The name 'France' is derived from 'Francia,' or Land of the Franks, reflecting the identity transformation from Franks to French around the 12th century.
The Holy Roman Empire was informally recognized as such by the 13th century, but the term 'Holy' was first used by Frederick I Barbarossa in 1157.
The term England originates from 'Englaland', meaning 'land of the Angles', reflecting the Germanic tribe's settlement starting in the 5th century.
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