The spectre today consists of multiple new drivers of national and regional insecurity. Together they threaten Europe's and Britain's long postwar years of general democratic stability and intermittent economic optimism.
Last week's success for Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom in the Netherlands' general election is the latest of these many shocks. The vote for Wilders' anti-migrant, anti-Islamic and Eurosceptic campaign has sent a jolt through all of Europe.
These are: the military threat from Russia; the stagnation and inequality of Europe's economies; significant migration within and from outside Europe; the impact of climate crisis in remaking economic and social life; and the weakening of the nation state.
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