A Comprehensive Glossary of Email Deliverability Terms
Briefly

Your IP reputation is attributed to an IP address based on what metrics an inbox service provider (ISP) has historically seen from that IP address and how users engage with mail.
SPF allows mail services to double check that incoming mail from a specific domain has, in fact, been sent from that domain, enhancing email authentication.
Your domain refers to locations of servers and devices connected to the internet, and ISPs track reputation across various IPs connected to that domain.
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