"A fundamental barrier to resolving a causal model of the nervous system is that causal relationships in the brain cannot be inferred solely from passive measurements of neural activity."
"We adapt a technique known in the statistical literature as 'instrumental variables' (IVs). This technique was developed to estimate causal relationships in observational data in which direct experimental control is unfeasible."
"Optogenetic stimulation affects neural activity, is independent of neural activity because it is controlled by the experimenter, and acts on the brain only through neurons that express opsins."
"There are two fundamental problems with the IV approach applied to the entire nervous system of the fly... would require intractable amounts of data."
Collection
[
|
...
]