A systematization methodology was developed to classify existing voting protocols into layer-one (L1) and layer-two (L2) solutions. L1 solutions rely on executing contracts within trusted execution environments (TEEs) on the blockchain. In contrast, L2 solutions separate contract execution from the blockchain, performing computations off-chain while keeping consensus within each node. This classification aims to evaluate desirable properties of TCSC-based voting protocols and identify potential pitfalls in such systems.
The methodology identifies two main categories: layer-one solution (L1) where contract executes inside a TEE on blockchain, and layer-two solution (L2) that decouples contract computations off-chain.
Layer-one solutions require all blockchain nodes to be equipped with a TEE, integrating contract execution and consensus, while layer-two solutions execute contracts independently, reducing on-chain workload.
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