Higher-income workers who earn more than $145,000 must now put their catch-up contributions into a Roth 401(k), meaning that they'll pay taxes now rather than later in retirement. The rules generally apply to contributions beginning in 2027, but some plans can implement them earlier. The $145,000 income threshold is based on prior-year wages and applies separately at each employer. New hires and self-employed workers without W-2 wages are exempt.
The Roth catch-up change stems from Section 603 of the SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022, which requires age‑50+ catch-up contributions made by higher earners to be designated as Roth (after‑tax) rather than pre‑tax, with the intent of raising near‑term federal revenue while preserving catch‑up access and boosting tax‑free retirement balances over time. The change reflects a bipartisan legislative compromise to fund SECURE 2.0's broader retirement enhancements by accelerating tax revenue via Roth treatment for high earners' catch‑ups.