Construction began in 1961 under the orders of the GDR's communist leadership, following the flight of approximately three million people to the West. They were escaping a struggling economy, limited freedoms and government surveillance. To prevent further defection to the West, the East German government built a complex system of barriers, obstacles and guard towers along the 155-kilometer-long border. It was meant to be impenetrable although some 5,000 East Germans did manage to make it across over the years.
Protesters near the Gare du Nord train station during a day of protests as part of a grassroots movement called Bloquons Tout (Let's Block Everything) Photograph: Benoit Tessier/Reuters Protesters raise their hands in unison Photograph: Christophe Simon/AFP/Getty Images Anti-riot police during clashes with Block Everything demonstrators Photograph: Ed Jones/AFP/Getty Images The annual Tribute in Light installation is tested before the 24th anniversary of 9/11, as viewed from Liberty State Park in Jersey City Photograph: Eduardo Munoz/Reuters