"Of course, philosophical debates about scientific laws, confirmation, explanation, and causality are as vivacious as ever and, if anything, they have grown in breadth, depth, and sophistication. They also want to analyze how experiments are set up, conducted, and concluded; whether and how the social and material dimensions of research contribute to the reaching of epistemic objectives; what data are and how they are produced and managed; and so on."
"For a long time, such a relationship was regulated by a social contract, which conceives science as a purely epistemic activity carried out within an isolated Ivory Tower. This model leaves scientists free to pursue the Truths of Nature, set up research priorities and choose methods, leaving to others (like politicians and policy makers) the responsibility of implementing their results."
Philosophy of science broadened from analyzing logical structure of theories to studying how actual science is practiced. Philosophers examine experiment design, execution, and interpretation, plus how social and material research dimensions affect epistemic goals. Attention has shifted to data generation, management, and the roles of models and methods in practice. The relationship between science and society is reevaluated, challenging the traditional social contract that treated science as an isolated epistemic pursuit within an Ivory Tower. The separation between pure and applied knowledge is questioned, especially in public innovation and development projects. Concerns arise about scientists' evaluative errors and their potentially harmful consequences.
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