In the 18th century, European thinkers believed moral values should align with science, but unchecked population growth threatened societal progress and resource depletion.
Malthus advocated for controlling human population growth through tragic means such as war and famine, as he saw limits as essential for humanity’s advancement.
Carlyle noted that England was suffering from poverty and social unrest despite material wealth, dubbing the issue 'dying of inanition.'
Darwin's concept of natural selection reinforced Malthus's theory, stating living organisms cannot grow without bounds due to finite resources, echoing the calls for balance.
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