The easiest way to get materia is through trading in cracked clusters, with different types of clusters correlating to different levels of material. As of the Endwalker expansion, Cracked Dendroclusters and Cracked Anthoclusters are sought after.
You can trade clusters for materia at specific NPCs in different hub cities. For example, in Radz-at-Han or Old Sharlayan for level 9 and 10 materia, or in Ishgard, Kugane, Limsa Lominsa, Gridania, and Ul'dah for other types.
You can also extract materia from your gear by completing the quest 'Forging the Spirit,' but it's not generally recommended as combat materia is readily available. Other currency-trade options include Sacks of Nuts from hunts and Variant Dungeons currencies.
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