System design encompasses defining a high-level architecture for software that balances performance, scalability, reliability, and maintainability. Key concepts include scalability, which refers to a system's ability to handle increased workloads; reliability, the probability of running without failure; and availability, measured as system uptime. Techniques like redundancy and replication enhance reliability. Performance metrics like latency and throughput need careful trade-off considerations, particularly in balancing speed and capacity. Load balancing is integral for optimizing resource use across servers, ensuring system robustness and efficiency.
Scalability is the ability of a system to handle an increasing workload without sacrificing performance, achieved through vertical or horizontal scaling.
Reliability reflects a system’s ability to run without failure, while availability indicates its uptime, often measured by metrics like 'five nines'.
Latency is the time for a request to travel through a system, and throughput is the number of requests handled in a timeframe, often requiring trade-offs.
Load balancing distributes incoming traffic effectively across servers to ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed, maintaining performance and reliability.
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