Slapps are legal threats and actions aimed at journalists, community campaigners, academics or anyone challenging power. They're used to shut down public participation and silence those who speak out in the public interest.
Roman Abramovich brought Slapps against the journalist Catherine Belton in the UK and Australia.
In another instance, abuse survivor Nina Cresswell named the person who violently sexually assaulted her after her original report was dismissed by police. She wanted to alert women who could otherwise become victims of sexual assault but he sued her for defamation.
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