Pavel Podvig, an independent analyst, noted that the nuclear doctrine update reflects a significant shift in conditions for a nuclear response: "Aggression against Russia or its allies, especially by NATO, will now be treated as an attack by the entire coalition, changing the dynamics of international security and deterrence strategy in unprecedented ways."
The updated nuclear doctrine explicitly reserves the right to respond with nuclear weapons to aggression from non-nuclear states if supported by nuclear powers, emphasizing a broadening definition of threats to include conventional attacks backed by major military alliances, thereby heightening global tensions and uncertainties around nuclear engagement.
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