The Jewish Labor Bund, a socialist movement prominent at the turn of the 20th century, embraced doikayt, asserting that every land inhabited by Jews was their true home.
While some Jewish thinkers pursued assimilation and emancipation, pious Jews adhered to the teachings of exile, preserving their traditions and way of life amidst 19th-century changes.
Zionism's emergence as a response to anti-Jewish violence in the Russian Empire led to diverse expressions, including cultural revival, political organization, and visions for a binational state.
Figures like A.D. Gordon and Ze'ev Jabotinsky represented different visions of Zionism, focusing on agricultural transformation versus military conquest as paths to Jewish rejuvenation.
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