Countries that avoided colonization benefited from retaining their distinct cultures and identities, yet they also faced challenges in economic development relative to their colonized counterparts.
Geographical challenges, a lack of easily extractable resources, and established national identities allowed some countries to resist European colonization throughout history.
While avoiding the negative impacts of colonialism, countries that escaped colonization also missed out on opportunities for economic integration and development facilitated through colonial systems.
Countries like China and Iran successfully maintained their sovereignty by leveraging their cultural depth and technological adeptness to negotiate with colonial powers.
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