The profound miscalculation of the Persian threat by the Romans triggered a downward spiral, weakening their military and enabling the rise of Islam, which significantly contributed to the fall of the eastern Roman Empire.
Our analysis revealed a crucial trade disruption that played a key role in the decline of the eastern Roman Empire, coupled with the evidence of military failures during unrest with their Persian opponents.
While previous research highlighted factors like plague and climate change, our findings indicate that the eastern Roman Empire was prospering until a significant crisis occurred in trade and governance.
Interestingly, the data shows that around 536 CE, the empire was not facing its worst struggles; instead, it was thriving economically and demographically, contradicting earlier beliefs.
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