Moscow has long been waging a shadow war against NATO, but the war in Ukraine has led to an escalation of hybrid, or gray-zone, attacks since the conflict began.
Gabrielius Landsbergis, former Lithuania's foreign minister, remarked on the escalation, stating, "It's definitely escalating from where it started and where we are now," pointing to Russia's increasingly aggressive tactics.
Philip Breedlove, a retired US Air Force general, noted, "I believe they are accelerating. As long as they are working and there is little or no consequence, why would they not?"
The US Helsinki Commission has identified some 150 hybrid operations that have been linked to Russian malign influence, showing the extensive reach and commitment of these tactics.
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