Bullying represents a systematic abuse of power, manifesting as intentional aggression that is often repeated and involves an imbalance of power between the bully and victim.
Both direct bullying, involving physical and verbal aggression, and indirect bullying, exemplified by social exclusion and rumor-spreading, profoundly impact children and adolescents globally.
Despite a slight overall decline in school bullying rates, the effectiveness of interventions continues to be challenged by the persistence and evolution of aggressive behaviors.
Cyberbullying remains a significant concern as its prevalence has increased modestly, particularly among boys, indicating a need for targeted prevention strategies in digital spaces.
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