"During the COVID-19 pandemic, three main types of vaccines were used around the world: Adenovirus-based vaccines like the AstraZeneca, ChAdOx1, and Johnson & Johnson shots, mRNA vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna, and protein vaccines like Novavax,"
"All of them worked, but we didn't have a clear and rigorous side-by-side comparison of how they differ in the way they trigger the immune system... This study was designed to fill that gap."
"The key takeaway is that different vaccine platforms work best under different conditions, so there isn't a single 'winner,' The context matters. Adenovirus vaccines may be great in situations where you want more sustained antigen expression and for cheap and quick, one-shot protection, but only in people"
Three COVID-19 vaccine platforms—adenovirus-based, mRNA, and protein-based—produce distinct immune profiles and kinetics in mice. Adenovirus-based vaccines generated the most sustained antigen expression for over a week and elicited stronger immune responses after a single dose. mRNA vaccines triggered rapid early immune activation within hours and required two doses to achieve robust responses, which may explain transient side effects. Protein-based vaccines induced the weakest overall responses, particularly T-cell responses, but caused less inflammation and may be more tolerable for individuals sensitive to vaccine reactions. Platform selection should match the intended use case.
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