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Autism spectrum disorder arises from multifactorial causes including common and rare genetic variants and gene-environment interactions. Neural circuitry differences underlie core social-communication and sensory features and relate to diverse developmental trajectories. Prenatal exposures associated with increased autism risk include valproate, heavy prenatal alcohol, maternal fever and possibly acetaminophen, with varying levels of evidence and methods. Epidemiologic and systematic review methodologies influence inferred associations. Vaccine exposure has not been substantiated as a cause of autism. Autistic adults frequently experience comorbid psychopathology arising from biological, developmental, and psychosocial pathways, necessitating lifespan-oriented clinical approaches.
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