Roman women lived under strict legal frameworks that limited their autonomy, governed by deep-rooted patriarchal beliefs. Notably, according to Cato the Elder, women were regarded as incapable of conducting business without male oversight. The guardianship system (tutela mulierum) allowed women to own property but required male guardians to approve major transactions, often leading to misuse. A significant change came about with Augustusâ 9 CE law, ius liberorum, which exempted mothers of three or more children from this guardianship, highlighting evolving perspectives on women's roles in society.
Roman women faced legal and psychological barriers in their societal roles, constrained by guardianship laws and patriarchal views that characterized their capabilities and autonomy.
Cato the Elder articulated the perception that women should not be allowed to conduct even private business independently, highlighting deep-seated beliefs of their inferiority.
Emperor Augustus enacted the ius liberorum law, providing some independence for women who bore three children, reflecting shifts in political and social policies regarding women's roles.
Tutela mulierum placed women in a position of dependency, requiring the endorsement of male guardians for significant property transactions, illustrating gender inequities in legal matters.
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