"The Near East is often defined as the region bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea, and access to these waterways encouraged long-distance trade, notably with the cities of the Indus Valley Civilization."
"Even so, the Near Eastern region of Mesopotamia, specifically Sumer, is regarded as the oldest civilization on earth due to the established dating of inventions and developments which constitute civilization, including animal husbandry, agricultural innovations, urbanization, astronomy and mathematics."
"The history of the ancient Near East ends with the conquest of the region by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century and the fall of the Persian Sassanian Empire, which marks the beginning of a new phase in the region's history."
The Near East, formerly called the Middle East, includes Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and part of Turkey. This region, known as the Cradle of Civilization, has a history from circa 6500 BCE to the 7th century CE. It is bordered by significant seas, facilitating trade with distant civilizations. Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, is recognized as the oldest civilization due to its early advancements in various fields. The history concludes with the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, marking a new historical phase.
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