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Renewable energy transitions are driven by geopolitical dynamics, national industrial policies, and strategic state interventions that shape global supply chains and competitive advantages. Spatial lifecycles of cleantech, especially solar photovoltaics, reveal concentrated regional development and technology diffusion patterns. Green industrial policies and targeted funding influence domestic innovation, manufacturing capacity, and market structure. Recovery programs and public investment play decisive roles in scaling technologies and directing industrial outcomes. Rising renewable protectionism and trade disputes affect low-carbon development and cross-border collaboration. Climate mitigation goals intersect with geopolitical competition and policy choices that determine technology leadership and energy security.
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