Reading and math achievement declines began in 2013, with average reading scores falling by nearly a grade level from 2015 to 2025 across almost every state. Census data show foreign-born children under 18 rose from 3.37% in 2015 to 4.36% in 2024. Even assuming foreign-born children performed worse on reading tests, the shift is too small to account for the dramatic reading declines. A similar pattern is found for foreign-born adults, reinforcing the conclusion that immigration is not the primary driver.
"“Even if we assume that the foreign-born kids performed worse on reading tests-and that definitely wasn't true of all of them-this is too small a shift to explain the dramatic declines in reading scores,” Twenge said."
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