Under the new framework, primary school pupils are expected to learn about national security and will also be taught about the opium war and Japan's invasion of China, two key events in Beijing's narrative of a century of humiliation, which it pushes as a reason for nationalism.
The education bureau said the changes were made in line with national-level legislation that called for strengthening patriotic education in China. Mainland China maintains separate governing and economic system in Hong Kong but has gradually increased its control.
Paul Lee Kin-wan, an education official overseeing curriculum development, said that patriotic values existed in the previous curriculum, and students should know about China's achievements. It wouldn't be right if students know nothing about their country after six years of education, Lee said.
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