The Ultimate Guide to Staircase Types: 10 Designs to Inspire Your Next Renovation - Yanko Design
Briefly

Straight stairs are the most convenient for ascending and descending, favored for ease of construction and suitability for minimalist residences. They occupy linear space, needing careful design planning.
L-shaped stairs offer increased visual appeal and safety, with a central landing reducing the number of steps in each flight. Modern homes may expose the stair structure for space openness.
U-shaped stairs consist of two parallel flights connected by a landing, forming a 180-degree turn. They provide a grand appearance but demand more space than straight or L-shaped staircases.
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