Researchers found states made more mistakes in executing Black prisoners in lethal injections since 1982. The disparities were starkest in some Southern states like Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Georgia.
Reprieve's analysis showed that half of the botched lethal injection executions in the U.S. were of Black individuals, even though they comprised only a third of the total executed population.
The criteria for a botched execution included signs of visible or audible pain, prisoners remaining conscious after drug administration, and difficulties in finding veins. Joe Nathan James Jr.'s three-hour long lethal injection execution was widely deemed botched.
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