Web development roles often emphasize frameworks like Flask, Django, and, more recently, FastAPI, along with database knowledge and REST API design. Employers often seek full-stack engineers who feel comfortable working on the backend as well as frontend, including JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. Data science positions highlight libraries like NumPy, pandas, Polars, and Matplotlib, plus an understanding of statistical concepts. Machine learning jobs typically add PyTorch or TensorFlow to the mix. Test automation roles likely require familiarity with frameworks such as Selenium, Playwright, or Scrapy.