Malaria remains a major public health concern, with many African nations being far from meeting their malaria elimination targets4,5. Vector control methods including indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets have played a pivotal role in reducing malaria incidence, but the emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes has impeded further progress6. In addition, Africa's rapidly growing population and persistent malaria receptivity make these interventions increasingly unsustainable as standalone solutions.