#economic-history

#economic-history

Economists from the US, Canada and France were awarded this year's Nobel Memorial Prize in economics on Monday, the final award of this year's Nobel week. Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt won the 2025 Nobel economics prize for "having explained innovation-driven economic growth", the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. The prize was awarded at a ceremony in Stockholm and is the final Nobel of this year's prize season, with prizes for peace, medicine, physics, chemistry and literature revealed last week.

The later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have long occupied an intriguing and contested place in discussions of England's long-run economic development. One key issue around which debate has coalesced is the living standards of the population as a whole and of different groups within it. We contribute to this debate by bringing forward new evidence on the material living standards of peasants, artisans, and wage-earners in the countryside and small towns.

Henry Ford and Thomas Edison proposed replacing gold with an energy-backed currency to diminish the banking elite's power and eliminate wars over gold.

Protectionists presented tariffs as the essential policy to quicken the development of manufactures as well as a remedy to the social ills that afflicted the emerging industrial working class.

The current market downturn is a direct result of American foreign economic policy and may not recover quickly, reflecting the impact of historical tariff wars.

The Federal Reserve was established in 1913 with a dual mandate of controlling inflation and maximizing employment, yet it failed to mitigate the Great Depression.