The judges had previously branded their wrong and subsequently withdrawn opinions as clerical errors. That lack of transparency undermined the judges' credibility, but both seem to have used the "clerical" excuse in a good faith effort to avoid throwing interns under the bus. According to Judge Neals, a law school intern performed legal research with ChatGPT, while Judge Wingate writes that a law clerk used Perplexity.
The faux citations were formatted correctly, listed reputable journals and included realistic-sounding digital object identifiers or DOIs. However, multiple articles cited did not exist.