"In the 1930s, the Vienna Circle was a radical movement that enthusiastically engaged in intellectual and institutional battles at all levels. They challenged religious philosophers and scientists, fought nationalists and conservatives, combated metaphysicians and moralists, confronted capitalists and oppressive powers, and struggled with university professors and authorities. Their famous 1929 manifesto was a call-to-arms, with countless exclaims, warnings, and shout outs to "all friends of the scientific world-conception.""
"By correlating epistemic and social values, Neurath was radical in drawing the boundaries of investigations. In his famous "Protocol Statements" paper, for example, he warned that fellow-positivist Carnap's phenomenalism "might induce younger people to search for this protocol language", which in turn "easily leads to metaphysical digressions." Thus "for the sake of vacillators," one should avoid pursuing or investigating phenomenal languages, an instead they shall press physicalism "in its most radical version.""
Logical empiricism has experienced renewed scholarly interest, with earlier reevaluations of Carnap, Reichenbach, and Schlick followed by recent social and political reinterpretations. The Vienna Circle included a socially engaged wing, embodied by Otto Neurath, who combined political activism in the Bavarian Soviet Republic and Red Vienna with a socially binding naturalistic philosophy of science. In the 1930s the movement took radical institutional and intellectual stances against religious, nationalist, conservative, metaphysical, moralist, capitalist, and academic opponents and issued a militant 1929 manifesto. Neurath linked epistemic and social values, rejected phenomenalist tendencies, and urged a radical physicalism as the proper scientific stance.
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