"Apel, K. (2011). What is orthographic knowledge? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(4), 592-603. Berninger, V. W., Vaughan, K., Abbott, R. D., Begay, K., Coleman, K. B., Curtin, G., ... & Graham, S. (2002). Teaching spelling and composition alone and together: Implications for the simple view of writing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 291."
"James, K. H., & Engelhardt, L. (2012). The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 1( 1), 32-42. Hensch, T. K. (2005). Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(11), 877-888. Kuhl, P. K. (2010). Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron, 67(5), 713-727."
"Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., DiGiuseppe, D. L., & McCarty, C. A. (2004). Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics, 113(4), 708-713. Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(4), 312-317. Christensen, C. A. (2004). Relationship between orthographic‐motor integration and computer use for the production of creative and well‐structured written text. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(4), 551-564."
Orthographic knowledge encompasses mental representations of letter patterns, spelling conventions, and the integration of visual and motor components for written language. Handwriting experience alters functional brain activity in pre-literate children and produces variable visual inputs that support letter recognition. Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten academic achievement. Teaching spelling and composition together influences writing development and the mechanics of composing. Orthographic-motor integration relates to computer use and impacts the production of creative, well-structured text. Early sensory-social experiences and critical-period plasticity influence speech and language learning. Early television exposure associates with later attentional problems.
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