Sudan has vast oil, gold and agricultural resources. Who controls them?

"Sudan's conflict continues to reshape the nation of 50 million amid widespread displacement and a fight for resources. Sudan's civil war, now in its third year, has pitted the army against the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in a devastating struggle for power. The conflict has unleashed the world's largest displacement crisis, with more than 9.5 million people forced from their homes across Sudan's 18 states and millions facing starvation."

"Sudan has large natural resources, including oil, gold and agricultural land that could help feed its people, but the fighting and shifting control of these resources make that impossible. Here are eight maps and charts to show you what resources Sudan has and who controls them: The army holds much of the north and the east, including the capital, Khartoum, as well as other key cities along the Nile and the strategic Port Sudan on the Red Sea."

Sudan's three-year civil war pits the national army against the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in a struggle for power that has triggered the world's largest displacement crisis. More than 9.5 million people have been forced from their homes across Sudan's 18 states, and millions face starvation. Control over oil, gold, and agricultural land has shifted amid fighting, undermining production and exports. In 2023, exports totaled $5.09 billion, led by crude oil, gold, animal products, oilseeds (mainly sesame), and gum arabic. The army controls much of the north and east, including Khartoum and Port Sudan, while the RSF consolidated control in Darfur after capturing el-Fasher. The Nile River shapes agriculture, and about 51.4 percent of Sudan is grazing land supporting herding and animal husbandry.

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